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Abstract
Background
The patients with metabolic syndrome had shown low high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and smoking had been reported to be an independent risk factor for low HDL-C. This study aimed to study the association of smoking status and low HDL-C in general population of Korea.
Methods
Frequency analysis and descriptive statistics for general characteristics and chi-square test for the association of smoking status and low HDL-C were used. Then, logistic regression analyses for the effect of smoking on low HDL-C and general linear method for HDL-C estimates were used.
Results
Univariate regression showed that smoking status showed an association with low HDL-C. Prevalence of low HDL-C was 29.4±0.3% of Korean males in their twenties or over, and low HDL-C possibilities of current and past-smokers compared with non-smokers were odds ratio 1.345 and 1.123 respectively. After adjustments with sociodemographic factors, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), and age, the low HDL-C possibility of current-smokers was 1.328 times higher and for past-smokers was 0.892 times than non-smokers (P<0.05). The HDL-C concentration of current-smokers was 1.009 mg/dL lower than non-smokers', whereas that of past-smokers' was 0.478 mg/dL higher than non-smokers'. HDL-C concentration decreased 0.922 mg/dL for every 1 unit of BMI increase and 0.080 mg/dL for every 1-year age increase (P<0.05).
Conclusions
In this study using general population, HDL-C showed significant association with smoking status. The occupation, BMI and age also had significant associations. Conclusively, the possible strategies to maintain serum HDL-C include cessation of smoking, increase of physical exercise, and weight loss.
Figures and Tables
Table 4
OR for low HDL-Ca by smoking status and other confounding factors in males aged 20 or above in KNHANES V
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; HDL-C, lipoprotein-cholesterol; KNHANES V, the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; CI, confidence interval; NA, not applicable; BMI, body mass index.
Values are presented as OR (95% CI).
aBelow 40 mg/dL.
bAdjusted by sociodemographic factors, e.g., region, housing, household income, education, and occupation.
cAdjusted by physical activity, BMI, and age.
dAdjusted by factors in Model 1 and Model 2.
eCalculated by complex sample logistic regression analysis.
Table 5
Parameter estimates of HDL-C in males aged 20 or above in KNHANES Va
Abbreviations: HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; KNHANES V, the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; B, estimated mean; SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index.
aModel: HDL-C (mg/dL)=intercept+smoking status+region+housing+household income+education+occupation+physical activity+BMI+age.
bThis parameter is set to zero because it is redundant.
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