Abstract
Background:
Smoking increases the risk of diabetic complications, but the prevalence of smoking in diabetes is similar to non-diabetes. We aimed to investigate factors associated with smoking cessation intentions (SCI) in current smokers with diabetes.
Methods:
In the 2013 Community Health Survey, information about current smokers has been collected among people who are over 30 years old with diabetes. Chi-squared test and logistic regression analysis were used to examine the association between socio-demographic indicators, health behaviors, comorbidities, smoking-related factors, diabetes-related factors and SCI. A total of 3,511 current smokers with diabetes were included in the final analysis.
Results:
Among current smokers with diabetes, 13.4% reported having SCI (within six months). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, gender, education, marital status and occupation were found to be significantly related to SCI. Moreover, lower amounts of smoking, previous attempts to smoking cessation (odds ratio [OR] 3.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.94-4.56), experience of smoking cessation recommendations from acquaintances (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.38-2.52), experience of smoking cessation education (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.12-2.20), and experience of diabetic education (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.06-1.66) were significantly associated with SCI in current smokers with diabetes.
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Table 1.
Smoking cessation intention of study population according to general characteristics
N | Smoking cessation intention | P | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Never or someday (row %) | Within 6 months (row %) | P | ||
Total | 3,511 | 86.6 | 13.4 | |
Gender | 0.001 | |||
Male | 3,135 | 85.9 | 14.1 | |
Female | 376 | 92.3 | 7.7 | |
Age, y | <0.001 | |||
30-39 | 139 | 72.7 | 27.3 | |
40-49 | 539 | 83.5 | 16.5 | |
50-59 | 1,124 | 86.5 | 13.5 | |
60-69 | 965 | 87.7 | 12.3 | |
≥70 | 744 | 90.1 | 9.9 | |
Education level | <0.001 | |||
≤Elementary school | 1,117 | 91.9 | 8.1 | |
Middle school | 644 | 90.2 | 9.8 | |
High school | 1,161 | 84.7 | 15.3 | |
College or higher | 589 | 76.2 | 23.8 | |
Marital status | 0.074 | |||
Married and living with a spouse | 2,635 | 86.6 | 13.4 | |
Divorced or separated | 407 | 84.3 | 15.7 | |
Widowed | 311 | 90.4 | 9.6 | |
Never married | 158 | 83.5 | 16.5 | |
Occupation | <0.001 | |||
Manual | 1,886 | 88.4 | 11.6 | |
Non-manual | 442 | 75.6 | 24.4 | |
Othersa | 1,183 | 87.7 | 12.3 | |
Monthly household income, million won | <0.001 | |||
<1.00 | 920 | 89.0 | 11.0 | |
1.00-2.99 | 779 | 90.0 | 10.0 | |
3.00-4.99 | 1,060 | 84.9 | 15.1 | |
≥5.00 | 752 | 82.3 | 17.7 | |
National basic livelihood security | 0.589 | |||
Recipient | 367 | 87.5 | 12.5 | |
Non-recipient | 3,144 | 86.5 | 13.5 | |
Location of residence | <0.001 | |||
Rural (eup·myeon) | 1,683 | 88.8 | 11.2 | |
Urban (dong) | 1,828 | 84.5 | 15.5 | |
Drinking frequency | 0.001 | |||
None | 957 | 89.0 | 11.0 | |
≤1 time per month | 532 | 85.7 | 14.3 | |
2-4 times per month | 631 | 82.4 | 17.6 | |
2-3 times per week | 725 | 85.4 | 14.6 | |
≥4 times per week | 666 | 88.9 | 11.1 | |
Stress | 0.094 | |||
Rare | 1,134 | 85.0 | 15.0 | |
A little | 1,583 | 86.7 | 13.3 | |
Much | 794 | 88.4 | 11.6 | |
Hypertension | 0.548 | |||
No | 1,755 | 86.2 | 13.8 | |
Yes | 1,756 | 86.9 | 13.1 | |
Dyslipidemia | 0.002 | |||
No | 2,630 | 87.6 | 12.4 | |
Yes | 881 | 83.4 | 16.6 | |
Body mass index | 0.296 | |||
Underweight | 215 | 88.4 | 11.6 | |
Normal | 2,207 | 87.0 | 13.0 | |
Obese | 1,089 | 85.3 | 14.7 |
Table 2.
Smoking cessation intention of study population according to smoking-relating factors and diabetes-relating factors
N | Smoking cessation intention | P | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Never or someday (row %) | Within 6 months (row %) | |||
Amounts of smoking, numbers of cigarettes | <0.001 | |||
Sometimes (not daily smoking) | 220 | 66.8 | 33.2 | |
1-9 per day | 421 | 83.6 | 16.4 | |
10-19 per day | 979 | 85.9 | 14.1 | |
≥20 per day | 1,891 | 89.8 | 10.2 | |
Experience of past quit attempts | <0.001 | |||
No | 2,790 | 91.3 | 8.7 | |
Yes | 721 | 68.2 | 31.8 | |
Experience of smoking cessation recommendations from acquaintances | 0.001 | |||
Never or seldom | 828 | 89.0 | 11.0 | |
Frequently | 1,211 | 87.9 | 12.1 | |
Always | 1,472 | 84.0 | 16.0 | |
Experience of smoking cessation public advertising | <0.001 | |||
No | 607 | 91.4 | 8.6 | |
Yes | 2,904 | 85.5 | 14.5 | |
Experience of smoking cessation education | <0.001 | |||
No | 3,264 | 87.7 | 12.3 | |
Yes | 247 | 72.1 | 27.9 | |
Self-awareness of blood glucose control (n=3,484)a | 0.921 | |||
No | 488 | 86.7 | 13.3 | |
Yes | 2,996 | 86.5 | 13.5 | |
Current treatment for diabetes | 0.499 | |||
No | 392 | 85.5 | 14.5 | |
Yes | 3,119 | 86.7 | 13.3 | |
Experience of diabetic education | <0.001 | |||
No | 2,393 | 88.5 | 11.5 | |
Yes | 1,118 | 82.5 | 17.5 | |
Examination of diabetic retinopathy | <0.001 | |||
No | 2,597 | 88.2 | 11.8 | |
Yes | 914 | 81.9 | 18.1 | |
Examination of diabetic nephropathy | <0.001 | |||
No | 2,523 | 88.3 | 11.7 | |
Yes | 988 | 82.1 | 17.9 |
Table 3.
Associating factors for smoking cessation intention using multivariate logistic regression analysis
Unadjusted | Fully adjusted | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Male (ref: female) | 1.97 | (1.33-2.91) | 1.91 | (1.18-3.09) |
Age (ref: ≥70), y | ||||
60-69 | 1.27 | (0.94-1.73) | 1.00 | (0.70-1.43) |
50-59 | 1.42 | (1.05-1.90) | 0.98 | (0.67-1.45) |
40-49 | 1.79 | (1.29-2.49) | 0.98 | (0.62-1.54) |
30-39 | 3.41 | (2.19-5.31) | 1.66 | (0.92-2.97) |
Education level (ref: ≤elementary school) | ||||
Middle school | 1.22 | (0.87-1.71) | 1.03 | (0.71-1.50) |
High school | 2.04 | (1.56-2.67) | 1.58 | (1.15-2.19) |
College or higher | 3.52 | (2.64-4.68) | 1.97 | (1.33-2.91) |
Marital status (ref: married and living with a spouse) | ||||
Divorced or separated | 1.21 | (0.91-1.62) | 1.49 | (1.05-2.10) |
Widowed | 0.69 | (0.47-1.03) | 1.35 | (0.83-2.18) |
Never married | 1.28 | (0.83-1.97) | 1.13 | (0.68-1.90) |
Occupation (ref: manual) | ||||
Non-manual | 2.46 | (1.90-3.19) | 1.45 | (1.05-1.99) |
Othersa | 1.06 | (0.85-1.33) | 1.02 | (0.77-1.36) |
Monthly household income (ref: <1.00 million won) | ||||
1.00-2.99 million won | 0.90 | (0.66-1.23) | 0.90 | (0.63-1.28) |
3.00-4.99 million won | 1.44 | (1.10-1.88) | 1.06 | (0.75-1.49) |
≥5.00 million won | 1.74 | (1.32-2.30) | 0.99 | (0.67-1.46) |
Urban (ref: rural) | 1.46 | (1.20-1.78) | 1.05 | (0.84-1.32) |
Drinking frequency (ref: none) | ||||
≤1 time per month | 1.35 | (0.99-1.86) | 1.01 | (0.71-1.43) |
2-4 times per month | 1.73 | (1.30-2.31) | 1.20 | (0.86-1.67) |
2-3 times per week | 1.39 | (1.04-1.86) | 1.02 | (0.73-1.43) |
≥4 times per week | 1.01 | (0.74-1.39) | 1.06 | (0.75-1.51) |
Stress (ref: rare) | ||||
A little | 0.87 | (0.70-1.08) | 0.93 | (0.73-1.18) |
Much | 0.74 | (0.57-0.98) | 0.87 | (0.64-1.18) |
Dyslipidemia (ref: no) | 1.40 | (1.14-1.74) | 1.15 | (0.91-1.46) |
Amounts of smoking (ref: ≥20 per day) | ||||
10-19 per day | 1.45 | (1.15-1.84) | 1.47 | (1.14-1.90) |
1-9 per day | 1.74 | (1.29-2.34) | 2.30 | (1.64-3.23) |
Sometimes (not daily) | 4.39 | (3.20-6.04) | 4.33 | (2.99-6.27) |
Experience of past quit attempts (ref: no) | 4.88 | (3.98-5.99) | 3.66 | (2.94-4.56) |
Experience of smoking cessation recommendations from acquaintances (ref: never or seldom) | ||||
Frequently | 1.11 | (0.84-1.47) | 1.25 | (0.92-1.71) |
Always | 1.54 | (1.19-1.99) | 1.87 | (1.38-2.52) |
Experience of smoking cessation public advertising (ref: no) | 1.81 | (1.33-2.44) | 1.30 | (0.94-1.81) |
Experience of smoking cessation education (ref: no) | 2.75 | (2.05-3.70) | 1.57 | (1.12-2.20) |
Experience of diabetic education (ref: no) | 1.63 | (1.34-1.99) | 1.33 | (1.06-1.66) |
Examination of diabetic retinopathy (ref: no) | 1.64 | (1.34-2.02) | 1.28 | (0.97-1.69) |
Examination of diabetic nephropathy (ref: no) | 1.65 | (1.35-2.02) | 1.05 | (0.80-1.38) |