Journal List > Korean J Health Promot > v.16(2) > 1089884

TOOLS
Yoon, Song, Hwang, Son, Kim, and Song: The Effect of Circuit Training and Workplace Improvement Program on the Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome and the Improvement of Physical Function in Office Workers
Original Article

Korean J Health Promot 2016;16(2):134-143.

Published online: 20 January 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15384/kjhp.2016.16.2.134

The Effect of Circuit Training and Workplace Improvement Program on the Prevention of Metabolic Syndrome and the Improvement of Physical Function in Office Workers

Dong Hyun Yoon1, Han Sol Song1, Su Seung Hwang1, Jun Seok Son1, Dae-Young Kim1, Wook Song1, 2,

1Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul, Korea

2Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Wook Song, PhD Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Sciece, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea Tel: +82-2-880-7791, Fax: +82-2-872-2867 E-mail: songw3@snu.ac.kr

Received 16 December 2015       Accepted 2 June 2016

Copyright © 2016 The Korean Society of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background

Physical inactivity and reduced energy expenditure lead to increase in obesity among office workers. In this study, we investigated how 10 weeks of high intensity circuit training and working environment improvement can change body composition, physical strength and markers of metabolic syndrome.

Methods

A total of 83 employees at risk for metabolic syndrome participated in 10 weeks program of one-hour circuit training (30 minutes twice weekly) and workplace improvement program, which consisted of dynamic stretching twice daily for all weekdays. Body composition, anthropometry, blood test, muscle strength/endur-ance and cardiopulmonary function of participants were assessed at the baseline and after 10 weeks.

Results

At the end of 10 weeks, significant increases in levels of body composition, serum lipids, muscle strength and cardiopulmonary were observed in metabolic syndrome risk factor group. In body composition, significant improvements of body weight, body mass index, lean body mass, %body fat, visceral adipose tissue, waist and hip circumference and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure were observed in metabolic syndrome risk factor group. In lipids, hemoglobin A1c and high density lipoprotein were increased significantly in metabolic syndrome risk factor group. In muscle strength and endurance, significant increases were found. Also, there was a significant difference in cardiovascular function of maximal oxygen uptake and total running time among the groups.

Conclusions

These intensive 10 weeks of high intensity circuit training and workplace improvement program were effective in improving body composition, muscle strength/improvement and cardiopulmonary function. Therefore, based on this study result, workplace improvement programs might be more developed and applied for high-risk employees to improve their metabolic syndrome.

Keywords: Circuit-based exercise, Occupational health, Metabolic syndrome X, Resistance training, Muscle strength

References

1. Parry S, Straker L. The contribution of office work to sedentary behaviour associated risk. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13:296.
crossref
2. Arena R, Guazzi M, Briggs PD, Cahalin LP, Myers J, Kaminsky LA, et al. Promoting health and wellness in the workplace: a unique opportunity to establish primary and extended secondary cardiovascular risk reduction programs. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013; 88(6):605–17.
crossref
3. Cowey S, Hardy RW. The metabolic syndrome: a high-risk state for cancer? Am J Pathol. 2006; 169(5):1505–22.
4. Guize L, Thomas F, Pannier B, Bean K, Jego B, Benetos A. All-cause mortality associated with specific combinations of the metabolic syndrome according to recent definitions. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30(9):2381–7.
crossref
5. Hannon PA, Harris JR, Sopher CJ, Kuniyuki A, Ghosh DL, Henderson S, et al. Improving low-wage, midsized employers' health promotion practices: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Prev Med. 2012; 43(2):125–33.
6. Ramli A, Henry LJ, Liang YF, Beh JY. Effects of a worksite health programme on the improvement of physical health among overweight and obese civil servants: a pilot study. Malays J Med Sci. 2013; 20(5):54–60.
7. Lorenzo C, Williams K, Hunt KJ, Haffner SM. The National Cholesterol Education Program – Adult Treatment Panel III, International Diabetes Federation, and World Health Organization definitions of the metabolic syndrome as predictors of incident cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30(1):8–13.
8. Ministry of Health and Welfare. Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare;2012.
9. Edries N, Jelsma J, Maart S. The impact of an employee wellness programme in clothing/textile manufacturing companies: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13:25.
crossref
10. Alkhatib A. High prevalence of sedentary risk factors amongst university employees and potential health benefits of campus workplace exercise intervention. Work. 2015; 52(3):589–95.
crossref
11. Atlantis E, Chow CM, Kirby A, Fiatarone Singh MA. Worksite intervention effects on physical health: a randomized controlled trial. Health Promot Int. 2006; 21(3):191–200.
crossref
12. Johnson SR. EXPANDING VIP CARE. New concierge doc models focus on employers, with some offering specialists. Mod Healthc. 2015; 45(38):20–2.
13. Lee CM, Huxley RR, Woodward M, Zimmet P, Shaw J, Cho NH, et al. Comparisons of metabolic syndrome definitions in four populations of the Asia-Pacific region. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2008; 6(1):37–46.
crossref
14. Thompson PD, Arena R, Riebe D, Pescatello LS. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's new preparticipation health screening recommendations from ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, ninth edition. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2013; 12(4):);. 215–7.
crossref
15. Romero-Arenas S, Martínez-Pascual M, Alcaraz PE. Impact of resistance circuit training on neuromuscular, cardiorespiratory and body composition adaptations in the elderly. Aging Dis. 2013; 4(5):256–63.
crossref
16. Yamaguchi T, Takizawa K, Shibata K. Acute effect of dynamic stretching on endurance running performance in well-trained male runners. J Strength Cond Res. 2015; 29(11):3045–52.
crossref
17. Farooq MU, Chaudhry AH, Amin K, Majid A. The WHO STEPwise approach to stroke surveillance. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2008; 18(10):665.
18. Nocera JR, McGregor KM, Hass CJ, Crosson B. Spin exercise improves semantic fluency in previously sedentary older adults. J Aging Phys Act. 2015; 23(1):90–4.
crossref
19. Kannus P, Alosa D, Cook L, Johnson RJ, Renström P, Pope M, et al. Effect of one-legged exercise on the strength, power and endurance of the contralateral leg. A randomized, controlled study using isometric and concentric isokinetic training. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1992; 64(2):117–26.
20. Romero M, Vivas-Consuelo D, Alvis-Guzman N. Is health related quality of life (HRQoL) a valid indicator for health systems evaluation? Springerplus. 2013; 2:664.
crossref
21. Paoli A, Moro T, Marcolin G, Neri M, Bianco A, Palma A, et al. High-intensity interval resistance training (HIRT) influences resting energy expenditure and respiratory ratio in non-dieting individuals. J Transl Med. 2012; 10:237.
crossref
22. Yoon DH, Kang DH, Kim H, Kim J, Song HS, Song W. Effect of elastic band-based high-speed power training on cognitive function, physical performance and muscle strength in older women with mild cognitive impairment. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2016.
crossref
23. Bocalini DS, Lima LS, de Andrade S, Madureira A, Rica RL, Dos Santos RN, et al. Effects of circuit-based exercise programs on the body composition of elderly obese women. Clin Interv Aging. 2012; 7:551–6.
crossref
24. Hazley L, Ingle L, Tsakirides C, Carroll S, Nagi D. Impact of a short-term, moderate intensity, lower volume circuit resistance training programme on metabolic risk factors in overweight/obese type 2 diabetics. Res Sports Med. 2010; 18(4):251–62.
crossref
25. Fatone C, Guescini M, Balducci S, Battistoni S, Settequattrini A, Pippi R, et al. Two weekly sessions of combined aerobic and resistance exercise are sufficient to provide beneficial effects in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest. 2010; 33(7):489–95.
crossref
26. Almenning I, Rieber-Mohn A, Lundgren KM, Shetelig L⊘vvik T, Garnaes KK, Moholdt T. Effects of high intensity interval training and strength training on metabolic, cardiovascular and hormonal outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study. PLoS One. 2015; 10(9):): e0138793.
crossref
27. Martins WR, Safons MP, Bottaro M, Blasczyk JC, Diniz LR, Fonseca RM, et al. Effects of short term elastic resistance training on muscle mass and strength in untrained older adults: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Geriatr. 2015; 15:99.
crossref

Figure 1.
Experimental design.
kjhp-16-134f1.tif
Table 1.
Characteristics and changes in body composition/anthropometry of subjects
  A (n = 16) B (n = 13) C (n = 16)
  Pre Post Pa   Post Pa Pre Post Pa
Age, y 45.88±8.91   44.20±7.10   41.06±6.59  
Height, cm2 170.19±3.0   172.96±2.9   174.63±3.9  
Weight, kg 82.63±12.0 81.83±12.0 0.020 78.25±6.2 76.12±6.6 0.006 81.23±9.1 80.27±8.7 0.009
BMI, kg/m2 28.42±2.9 28.13±3.0 0.022 26.38±1.0 25.42±1.5 0.004 26.61±2.1 26.28±2.0 0.009
BMD, g/cm2 1.18±0.10 1.19±0.10 0.074 1.17±0.09 1.17±0.10 0.248 1.16±0.1 1.14±0.1 0.023
Lean Mass, kg 48.528±8.85 52.745±9.12 0.000 49.853±4.91 56.191±5.41 0.001 49.606±7.5 54.189±8.4 0.001
Body fat, % 32.49±3.7 28.34±4.1 0.000 25.91±3.0 19.54±2.3 0.001 29.19±5.9 25.12±6.3 0.001
VAT Area, cm2 149.59±33.8 133.19±34.6 0.001 109.79±14.3 80.25±12.2 0.001 132.43±27.0 114.07±27.1 0.001
Waist circ., cm 97.38±7.5 93.50±6.6 0.001 92.85±3.4 88.46±4.1 0.001 96.19±4.9 92.06±4.1 <0.001
Hip circ., cm 105.44±5.5 102.34±4.4 0.001 101.62±3.7 98.92±3.2 0.007 103.81±5.0 100.75±4.4 0.001
Systolic BP, mmHg 128.94±12.2 135.81±18.8 0.088 130.23±8.3 124.38±8.5 0.025 132.44±6.9 127.81±10.5 0.105
Diastolic BP, mmHg 86.94±7.1 84.06±11.6 0.245 84.08±6.6 74.31±6.8 0.003 84.25±10.8 82.44±6.5 0.409

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BMD, bone mineral density; Waist circ, waist circumference; Hip circ., hip circumference; BP, blood pressure. Values are presented as mean±SD.

a Calculated by Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Table 2.
Changes in blood profiles of subjects
  A (n = 16) B (n = 13) C (n = 16)
  Pre Post Pa Pre Post Pa Pre Post Pa
Cholesterol, mg/dL 202.13±34.3 203.13±32.5 0.691 192.15±29.4 192.00±29.0 0.972 201.31±31.9 200.00±34.4 0.737
TG, mg/dL 165.25±91.9 164.00±69.9 0.836 156.31±71.6 130.38±57.2 0.442 207.81±102.2 156.25±61.1 0.063
HDL-C, mg/dL 50.5±16.0 51.94±15.9 0.441 48.15±11.1 52.77±12.7 0.007 47.31±15.0 49.81±12.6 0.070
LDL-C, mg/dL 131.81±35.6 133.31±28.8 0.569 128.62±23.9 125.31±27.2 0.600 127.63±31.9 130.44±32.2 0.518
HbA1c mol/mol 6.48±1.2 6.09±0.7 0.001 5.69±0.2 5.51±0.2 0.009 5.91±0.3 5.76±0.3 0.035

Abbreviations: TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1c. Values are presented as mean±SD.

a Calculated by Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Table 3.
Changes in muscle strength and muscle endurance
  A (n = 16) B (n = 13) C (n = 16)
  Pre Post Pa Pre Post Pa Pre Post Pa
60°/sec peak torque (Nm) / %BW                  
Extensor 204.6±34.0 217.4±35.9 0.006 230.5±19.9 241.5±20.5 0.023 215.8±45.2 230.4±47.0 0.025
Flexor 105.8±19.3 111.4±17.7 0.047 130.3±24.4 140.5±25.1 0.040 115.6±32.1 124.9±30.9 0.009
Ratio 52.5 51.2   56.5 58.1   53.5 54.2  
60°/sec average power per repetition (W) / %BW                  
Extensor 131.2±20.1 140.5±24.3 0.006 145.9±15.1 158.9±14.3 0.004 140.5±31.5 152.6±28.9 0.011
Flexor 79.3±15.4 86.6±15.21 0.016 100.6±18.5 108.6±18.3 0.009 89.4±24.0 97.5±24.6 0.014
Ratio 60.4 61.6   68.9 68.3   63.6 63.8  
240°/sec average torque (Nm) / %BW                  
Extensor 218.4±53.9 241.1±46.8 0.016 246.2±27.9 266.2±28.9 0.025 222.7±61.3 265.8±57.5 0.000
Flexor 113.3±29.8 125.5±32.5 0.033 139.1±35.0 159.8±27.7 0.006 125.4±35.7 153.1±41.7 0.001
Ratio 51.8 52.0   56.4 60.0   56.3 57.5  
240°/sec total work done (Nm)                  
Extensor 1409.3±309.7 1563.1±253.4 0.001 1531.2±155.1 1771.4±166.0 0.001 1366.1±313.0 1692.3±333.1 0.000
Flexor 701.5±192.5 779.2±269.8 0.105 845.2±241.8 1043.1±164.8 0.013 793.4±187.0 940.6±248.5 0.002
Ratio 49.7 49.8   55.1 58.8   58.0 55.5  
Grip strength (kg)                  
  40.5±9.1 39.5±8.6 0.214 42.6±4.9 43.05±5.6 0.507 39.7±7.7 41.5±7.5 0.103

Abbreviations: Nm, newton-meters; W, watts; %BW, % body weight. Values are presented as mean±SD.

a Calculated by Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Table 4.
Changes in cardiovascular capacity of subjects
  A (n = 16) B (n = 13) C (n = 16)
  Pre Post Pa Pre Post Pa Pre Post Pa
VO2max, mL·kg·min 32.19±4.0 36.54±4.1 0.000 34.65±3.1 39.1±2.8 0.001 30.93±4.8 35.02±6.4 0.002
mL·kg·min                  
LT, s 306.5±123.2 280.5±109.3 0.110 308.4±81.6 301.3±109.1 0.721 221.8±63.0 268.6±125.0 0.046
Total RT, s 570.4±87.0 619.93±74.3 0.001 649.0±59.3 692.4±59.5 0.004 573.8±75.3 607.9±85.2 0.017

Abbreviations: LT, lactate threshold; Total RT, total running time. Values are presented as mean±SD.

a Calculated by Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Table 5.
Changes in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome of subjects
  A (n = 16) B (n = 13) C (n = 16)
  Pre Post Change (%) Pa Pre Post Change (%) Pa Pre Post Change (%) Pa
TG, mg/dL 165.25±91.9 164.00±69.9 –0.76 0.836 156.31±71.6 130.38±57.2 –16.59 0.442 207.81±102.2 156.25±61.1 –24.81 0.063
HDL-C, mg/dL 50.5±16.0 51.94±15.9 2.85 0.441 48.15±11.1 52.77±12.7 9.60 0.007 47.31±15.0 49.81±12.6 5.28 0.070
Waist circ., cm 97.38±7.5 93.50±6.6 –3.98 0.001 92.85±3.4 88.46±4.1 – 4.73 0.001 96.19±4.9 92.06±4.1 – 4.30 <0.001
HbA1c mol/mol 6.48±1.2 6.09±0.7 –6.01 0.001 5.69±0.2 5.51±0.2 – 3.16 0.009 5.91±0.3 5.76±0.3 – 2.54 0.035
Systolic BP, mmHg 128.94±12.2 135.81±18.8 5.33 0.088 130.23±8.3 124.38±8.5 – 4.50 0.025 132.44±6.9 127.81±10.5 – 3.50 0.105
Diastolic BP mmHg , 86.94±7.1 84.06±11.6 –3.31 0.245 84.08±6.6 74.31±6.8 –11.62 0.003 84.25±10.8 82.44±6.5 – 2.15 0.409

Abbreviations: TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Waist circ, waist circumference; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1c. Values are presented as mean±SD.

a Calculated by Wilcoxon signed rank test.

TOOLS
Similar articles