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Abstract
Background
Metabolic syndrome is a major health problem in postmenopausal women, along with psychological issues. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome and mental health properties targeting middle-aged menopausal women, and analyzed the psychological factors affecting the prevalence of metabolic syndrome.
Methods
The study subjects were 479 postmenopausal women aged 45–64 years, who had taken their routine health screenings from August to October in 2012. The presence of 3 or more of 5 risk factors constitutes diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Depression, trait anxiety, and stress level were measured by Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Inventory, and Brief Encounter Psychological Instrument, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to confirm the relationship between the metabolic syndrome and psychological characteristics.
Results
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women was 16.5%. Metabolic syndrome was significantly related with trait anxiety (odds ratio [OR]=16.53, P=0.007) and depression (OR=0.16, P=0.012), after adjusting for age, marital status, educational level, monthly income, body mass index, eating habits and exercise.
References
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Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population according to the presence of metabolic syndrome
| Group without MetS | Group with MetS | Total | Pa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 400 (83.5) | 79 (16.5) | 479 (100.0) | |
| Age, y | 57.0 (54.0–60.5) | 57.0 (53.0–61.0) | 57.0 (54.0–61.0) | 0.591 |
| Stressb | 0.197 | |||
| Mild | 224 (56.7) | 51 (64.6) | 275 (58.0) | |
| Moderate to severe | 171 (43.3) | 28 (35.4) | 199 (42.0) | |
| Trait anxietyc | 0.039 | |||
| Normal | 373 (98.2) | 74 (93.7) | 447 (97.4) | |
| Mild to moderate | 7 (1.8) | 5 (6.3) | 12 (2.6) | |
| Depression | 0.008 | |||
| Normal | 260 (65.0) | 62 (78.5) | 322 (67.2) | |
| Mild | 73 (18.3) | 3 (3.8) | 76 (15.9) | |
| Moderate | 48 (12.0) | 12 (15.2) | 60 (12.5) | |
| Severe | 19 (4.8) | 2 (2.5) | 21 (4.4) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.1 (21.8–24.8) | 26.2 (23.5–28.1) | 23.4 (21.9–25.5) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 77.0 (73.0–82.0) | 86.0 (79.0–90.0) | 78.0 (73.0–83.0) | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 118.0 (110.0–127.0) | 131.0 (124.0–137.0) | 118.0 (110.0–130.0) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 74.0 (70.0–80.0) | 83.0 (78.0–88.0) | 76.0 (70.0–81.0) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 209.0 (185.0–235.0) | 219.0 (186.0–238.0) | 211.0 (186.0–235.0) | 0.373 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 57.0 (51.0–64.0) | 46.0 (39.0–50.0) | 56.0 (50.0–63.0) | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 129.0 (106.0–153.5) | 131.2 (103.4–154.8) | 129.0 (105.6–154.0) | 0.728 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 90.0 (66.0–126.0) | 174.0 (122.0–210.0) | 98.0 (69.0–145.0) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 93.0 (88.0–99.0) | 105.0 (94.0–116.0) | 94.0 (89.0–101.0) | <0.001 |
| Marital statusd | 0.607 | |||
| Married living with partner | 347 (87.0) | 67 (84.8) | 414 (86.6) | |
| Widow/divorced/single | 52 (13.0) | 12 (15.2) | 64 (13.4) | |
| Educational levele | 0.037 | |||
| ≤Middle school | 158 (39.5) | 43 (55.1) | 201 (42.1) | |
| High school | 164 (41.0) | 23 (29.5) | 187 (39.1) | |
| College/Universe | 78 (19.5) | 12 (15.4) | 90 (18.8) | |
| Monthly incomef | 0.940 | |||
| ≤2 million won | 146 (38.0) | 27 (35.5) | 173 (37.6) | |
| 2–3 million won | 76 (19.8) | 14 (18.4) | 90 (19.6) | |
| 3–5 million won | 99 (25.8) | 21 (27.6) | 120 (26.1) | |
| ≥5 million won | 63 (16.4) | 14 (18.4) | 77 (16.7) |
Table 2.
Correlation between mental health score and risk factors of metabolic syndrome
| Stress | Trait anxiety | Depression | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r | Pa | r | Pa | r | Pa | |
| Waist circumference, cm | –0.058 | 0.209 | –0.035 | 0.454 | -0.118 | 0.010 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | –0.114 | 0.013 | –0.060 | 0.203 | –0.101 | 0.026 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | –0.114 | 0.013 | –0.071 | 0.127 | –0.107 | 0.019 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 0.031 | 0.497 | 0.007 | 0.885 | 0.054 | 0.240 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 0.021 | 0.652 | 0.042 | 0.368 | 0.004 | 0.928 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 0.016 | 0.723 | 0.015 | 0.746 | –0.054 | 0.237 |
| No. of metabolic components | –0.055 | 0.234 | –0.016 | 0.737 | -0.103 | 0.025 |
Table 3.
Factors associated with metabolic syndrome in middle-aged menopausal womena
| MetS | OR | 95% CI | Pb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stress | |||
| Mild (Reference) | 1.00 | ||
| Moderate to severe | 0.64 | 0.288–1.400 | 0.260 |
| Triat anxiety | |||
| Normal (Reference) | 1.00 | ||
| Mild to moderate | 16.53 | 2.161–126.506 | 0.007 |
| Depression | |||
| Normal (Reference) | 1.00 | ||
| Mild | 0.16 | 0.039–0.667 | 0.012 |
| Moderate | 0.87 | 0.271–2.781 | 0.867 |
| Severe | 0.15 | 0.014–1.548 | 0.147 |
| BMI | 1.46 | 1.305–1.639 | <0.001 |
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