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Abstract
Background
This study aimed to analyze the factors affecting health education program needs as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) for promoting health in middle-aged women.
Methods
Study subjects included 203 middle-aged women ranging in ages between 40 and 59 years, living in S-city. Data were collected from September 10 to 24, 2011. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA were used to analyze general characteristics and the need for health education programs related to the general characteristics. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to access the factors influencing the need for health education programs. All data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN 17.0 program.
Results
The average score of the health promotion behaviors was 3.46 (±0.74). The average score of the need for health education programs (including physical, psychological, and social health education programs) was 3.88 (±0.13); and this was affected by age (psychological health education programs β=-0.21), self-actualization (physical, psychological, social health education programs β=0.28, β=0.30, β=0.30), health responsibility (social health education programs β=0.21), interpersonal support (physical health education programs β=0.18), and stress management (social health education programs β=0.18).
Conclusions
Based on the study results, health education for middle-aged women should be impacted less by monthly income and educational background, and should have more specialized, accessible contents considering not only programs that middle-aged women prefer but also the factors influencing the needs of health education.
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Table 1.
General characteristics
| (n=203) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Categories | Valuesa |
| Age, y | 40's (40-49) | 132 (65.0) |
| 50's (50-59) | 71 (35.0) | |
| Marital status | Yes | 187 (92.1) |
| (does living with a spouse) | No | 16 (7.9) |
| Educational level, y | ≤High school | 103 (50.7) |
| ≤College | 92 (45.3) | |
| ≥Graduate school | 8 (3.9) | |
| Monthly income, mo | Less than 1.5 million won | 17 (8.4) |
| 1.51-3 million won | 87 (42.9) | |
| 3.01-5 million won | 79 (38.9) | |
| More 5.01 million won | 20 (9.9) | |
| Job | Yes | 86 (42.4) |
| No | 117 (57.6) | |
| Menstruous status | Menopausal transitionb c | 31 (15.3) |
| Natural menopausec | 31 (15.3) | |
| Artificial menopaused e | 16 (7.9) | |
| Menstruatione | 125 (61.5) | |
| Female hormone therapy | Yes | 15 (7.4) |
| No | 188 (92.6) | |
Table 2.
Level of health promoting behaviors
| Categories | Number of question | Valuesa |
|---|---|---|
| Self-actualization | 11 | 3.88 (±0.62) |
| Health responsibility | 10 | 3.10 (±0.77) |
| Exercise & nutrition | 12 | 3.15 (±0.75) |
| Interpersonal support | 7 | 3.83 (±0.59) |
| Stress management | 7 | 3.36 (±0.65) |
| Total | 47 | 3.46 (±0.74) |
Table 3.
Need of health education programs (n=203)
| Category | Valuesa | Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical health care programs | Disease management | Menopausal care and successful aging | 4.34 (±0.74) | 4.26 (±0.51) | 3.95 (±0.39) | 3.88 (±0.13) |
| Prevention ․ management of cancer | 4.53 (±0.69) | |||||
| Prevention of osteoporosis and exercise therapy | 4.32 (±0.69) | |||||
| Prevention of urinary incontinence and exercise therapy | 4.20 (±0.71) | |||||
| Prevention ․ management of adult disease | 4.36 (±0.72) | |||||
| Menopausal management of oriental medicine | 3.86 (±0.84) | |||||
| Sport for all | Physical fitness program | 4.11 (±0.83) | 3.86 (±0.03) | |||
| Dance | 3.58 (±0.91) | |||||
| Sport | 3.88 (±0.87) | |||||
| Alternative therapy | Type of western medicine | 3.70 (±0.80) | 3.73 (±0.08) | |||
| Type of oriental medicine | 3.80 (±0.85) | |||||
| Type of oriental-western medicine | 3.70 (±0.82) | |||||
| Psychological health care programs | Disease management Counseling | Prevention of depression․suicide | 4.37 (±0.83) | 4.38 (±0.01) | 3.92 (±0.58) | |
| Prevention of dementia | 4.38 (±0.85) | |||||
| Group counseling | 3.60 (±0.93) | 3.58 (±0.03) | ||||
| Art therapy (mandala) | 3.56 (±0.88) | |||||
| Stress management | Singing | 3.99 (±0.79) | 3.80 (±0.46) | |||
| Laughter therapy | 4.07 (±0.78) | |||||
| Aromatherapy | 3.58 (±0.91) | |||||
| Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) | 3.56 (±0.91) | |||||
| Social health care programs | Interpersonal relations | Marital relationship enhancement program | 4.03 (±0.93) | 3.91 (±0.37) | 3.78 (±0.25) | |
| Role playing | 3.61 (±0.87) | |||||
| Communication for conflict management | 4.08 (±0.78) | |||||
| Protection of the environment | Making related to eco-friendly household items | 3.55 (±0.91) | 3.58 (±0.05) | |||
| Eco-activism (NGO activities) | 3.62 (±0.86) | |||||
| Citizenship | Women-related legal and welfare policy | 3.92 (±0.82) | 3.85 (±0.15) | |||
| Gender Equality volunteer activity | 3.73 (±0.85) | |||||
| 3.91 (±0.94) |
Table 4.
Need of health education program related to general characteristics (n=203)
| General characteristics | Physical | Psychological | Social | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disease management | Sport for all | Alternative therapy | Disease management | Counseling | Stress management | Interpersonal relation | Protection of the environment | Citizenship | ||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | t/F (Pa) | Mean (SD) | t/F (Pa) | Mean (SD) | t/F (Pa) | Mean (SD) | t/F (Pa) | Mean (SD) | t/F (Pa) | Mean (SD) | t/F (Pa) | Mean (SD) | t/F (Pa) | Mean (SD) | t/F (Pa) | Mean (SD) | t/F (Pa) | |
| Age, y | 1.78 (0.077) | 1.94 (0.053) | -0.02 (0.982) | 2.87 (0.005b) | 2.08 (0.039c) | 1.48 (0.141) | 1.80 (0.073) | 2.25 (0.026) | 2.33 (0.021c) | |||||||||
| 40-49 | 4.32 (0.53) | 3.93 (0.72) | 3.74 (0.72) | 4.50 (0.73) | 3.67 (0.82) | 3.85 (0.68) | 3.99 (0.68) | 3.65 (0.76) | 3.94 (0.76) | |||||||||
| 50-59 | 4.18 (0.51) | 3.73 (0.64) | 3.74 (0.62) | 4.17 (0.87) | 3.42 (0.79) | 3.71 (0.67) | 3.76 (0.76) | 3.48 (0.71) | 3.69 (0.66) | |||||||||
| Marital status | 2.25 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 2.30 | 1.23 | 1.78 | 1.76 | 1.36 | 3.53 | |||||||||
| (does living with a spouse) | (0.026c) | (0.589) | (0.583) | (0.023c) | (0.221) | (0.076) | (0.080) | (0.175) | (0.001b) | |||||||||
| Yes | 4.29 (0.50) | 3.87 (0.69) | 3.74 (0.65) | 4.45 (0.69) | 3.60 (0.80) | 3.83 (0.64) | 3.95 (0.69) | 3.60 (0.74) | 3.91 (0.69) | |||||||||
| No | 3.99 (0.69) | 3.77 (0.84) | 3.60 (1.02) | 3.63 (1.42) | 3.34 (0.98) | 3.52 (0.97) | 3.50 (1.00) | 3.44 (0.81) | 3.25 (0.96) | |||||||||
| Educational level, y | 7.57 (0.001b) | 5.43 (0.005b) | 3.11 (0.047c) | 10.56 (p ＜ 0.0001) | 2.90 (0.057) | 4.87 (0.009b) | 3.88 (0.022c) | 3.46 (0.033c) | 3.77 (0.025c) | |||||||||
| ≤ High school | 4.25 (0.50) | 3.71 (0.67) | 3.63 (0.67) | 4.39 (0.67) | 3.46 (0.83) | 3.68 (0.71) | 3.78 (0.72) | 3.49 (0.73) | 3.73 (0.73) | |||||||||
| ≤ College | 4.35 (0.51) | 4.03 (0.69) | 3.87 (0.71) | 4.48 (0.75) | 3.73 (0.78) | 3.96 (0.62) | 4.07 (0-67) | 3.71 (0.76) | 4.01 (0.69) | |||||||||
| ≥Graduate school | 3.63 (0.46) | 3.50 (0.85) | 3.58 (0.53) | 3.19 (1.67) | 3.44 (0.82) | 3.63 (0.52) | 3.71 (1.00) | 3.50 (0.80) | 3.75 (1.05) | |||||||||
| Monthly income, mo | 1.46 (0.226) | 2.36 (0.073) | 3.39 (0.019c) | 3.78 (0.011c) | 3.08 (0.028c) | 4.34 (0.005b) | 2.52 (0.059) | 1.73 (0.162) | 1.40 (0.243) | |||||||||
| Less than 1.5 million won | 4.06 (0.83) | 3.51 (0.97) | 3.31 (1.15) | 3.88 (1.05) | 3.32 (0.97) | 3.46 (0.97) | 3.55 (1.00) | 3.38 (0.99) | 3.59 (1.15) | |||||||||
| 1.51-3 million won | 4.28 (0.47) | 3.87 (0.61) | 3.74 (0.65) | 4.53 (0.63) | 3.51 (0.89) | 3.79 (0.63) | 3.94 (0.62) | 3.56 (0.68) | 3.81 (0.73) | |||||||||
| 3.01-5 million won | 4.27 (0.49) | 3.87 (0.67) | 3.76 (0.58) | 4.30 (0.84) | 3.60 (0.69) | 3.79 (0.63) | 3.88 (0.75) | 3.64 (0.73) | 3.92 (0.64) | |||||||||
| More 5.01 million won | 4.42 (0.55) | 4.12 (0.85) | 4.02 (0.59) | 4.46 (0.87) | 4.05 (0.67) | 4.23 (0.57) | 4.25 (0.65) | 3.68 (0.89) | 4.03 (0.67) | |||||||||
| Job | -0.22 (0.823) | -0.97 (0.332) | -1.09 (0.277) | 0.08 (0.936) | 0.89 (0.376) | 0.90 (0.368) | -1.47 (0.142) | -0.11 (0.916) | -0.78 (0.436) | |||||||||
| Yes | 4.26 (0.54) | 3.81 (0.69) | 3.67 (0.75) | 4.39 (0.90) | 3.50 (0.80) | 3.71 (0.69) | 3.82 (0.81) | 3.62 (0.76) | 3.81 (0.76) | |||||||||
| No | 4.28 (0.51) | 3.90 (0.71) | 3.78 (0.64) | 4.38 (0.72) | 3.65 (0.83) | 3.87 (0.65) | 3.98 (0.65) | 3.57 (0.74) | 3.89 (0.72) | |||||||||
| Menstruous status | 6.08 (0.001b) | 5.27 (0.002b) | 0.24 (0.869) | 3.63 (0.014c) | 0.11 (0.957) | 0.33 (0.807) | 0.22 (0.884) | 1.60 (0.190) | 6.36 (p< 0.0001) | |||||||||
| Menopausal transition | 3.93 (0.65) | 3.46 (0.85) | 3.71 (0.94) | 4.03 (1.08) | 3.57 (0.84) | 3.79 (0.72) | 3.82 (0.85) | 3.36 (0.80) | 3.52 (0.97) | |||||||||
| Natural menopause | 4.26 (0.50) | 3.82 (0.61) | 3.77 (0.67) | 4.26 (0.55) | 3.52 (0.85) | 3.73 (0.75) | 3.84 (0.67) | 3.63 (0.79) | 3.69 (0.68) | |||||||||
| Artificial menopause | 4.26 (0.53) | 3.73 (0.57) | 3.85 (0.38) | 4.28 (1.00) | 3.63 (0.56) | 3.70 (0.41) | 3.94 (0.53) | 3.44 (0.51) | 3.54 (0.69) | |||||||||
| Menstruation | 4.36 (0.46) | 3.99 (0.66) | 3.71 (0.65) | 4.52 (0.71) | 3.60 (0.82) | 3.84 (0.68) | 3.95 (0.73) | 3.66 (0.75) | 4.02 (0.64) | |||||||||
| Female hormone therapy | -0.96 (0.339) | -0.10 (0.920) | 0.12 (0.908) | -1.41 (0.159) | 0.24 (0.807) | -0.51 (0.608) | 0.13 (0.898) | 0.29 (0.776) | -1.47 (0.144) | |||||||||
| Yes | 3.93 (0.65) | 3.46 (0.85) | 3.73 (0.94) | 3.97 (1.22) | 3.63 (0.74) | 3.72 (0.87) | 3.87 (0.86) | 3.70 (0.92) | 3.47 (1.10) | |||||||||
| No | 4.26 (0.50) | 3.82 (0.61) | 3.77 (0.67) | 4.28 (0.75) | 3.58 (0.82) | 3.81 (0.66) | 3.92 (0.71) | 3.58 (0.74) | 3.89 (0.70) | |||||||||
Table 5.
Factors affecting for need of health education programa (n=203)
| Physical | Physical | Psychological | Social | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model I | Model II | Model I | Model II | Model I | Model II | |||||||||||||
| β | t | P | β | t | P | β | t | P | β | t | P | β | t | P | β | t | P | |
| General characteristics | ||||||||||||||||||
| Age (ref.=40'sb), y | -0.08 | -0.82 | 0.413 | -0.11 | -1.22 | 0.224 | -0.17 | -1.85 | 0.066 | -0.21 | -2.29 | 0.023c | -0.11 | -1.23 | 0.222 | -0.14 | -1.62 | 0.107 |
| Marital status (ref.=don't live with spouse) | 0.06 | 0.89 | 0.374 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.976 | 0.15 | 2.12 | 0.035c | 0.11 | 1.62 | 0.106 | 0.16 | 2.31 | 0.022c | 0.11 | 1.71 | 0.089 |
| Education level, y | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.952 | -0.02 | -0.32 | 0.749 | 0.03 | 0.47 | 0.973 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.947 | 0.13 | 1.75 | 0.081 | 0.09 | 1.45 | 0.147 |
| Monthly income degree, mo | 0.12 | 1.60 | 0.111 | -0.05 | -0.72 | 0.472 | 0.14 | 1.78 | 0.076 | -0.01 | -0.09 | 0.925 | 0.06 | 0.74 | 0.459 | -0.10 | -1.35 | 0.179 |
| Job | -0.05 | -0.74 | 0.460 | -0.11 | -1.63 | 0.105 | -0.07 | -1.02 | 0.309 | -0.11 | -1.58 | 0.115 | -0.05 | -0.67 | 0.507 | -0.09 | -1.42 | 0.160 |
| Menstruous status (ref=regular menstruationd) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Menopausal transition | -0.21 | -2.60 | 0.010c | -0.12 | -1.74 | 0.083 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.899 | 0.08 | 1.09 | 0.275 | -0.12 | -1.50 | 0.135 | -0.04 | -0.50 | 0.618 |
| Natural menopause | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.000 | 0.06 | 0.69 | 0.491 | 0.08 | 0.82 | 0.413 | 0.13 | 1.45 | 0.147 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.922 | 0.05 | 0.58 | 0.565 |
| Artificial menopause | -0.01 | -0.10 | 0.920 | 0.04 | 0.60 | 0.579 | 0.04 | 0.51 | 0.610 | 0.08 | 1.15 | 0.250 | -0.04 | -0.44 | 0.658 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.857 |
| Female hormone therapy | 0.05 | 0.61 | 0.543 | 0.03 | 0.48 | 0.632 | -0.01 | -0.13 | 0.897 | -0.02 | -0.29 | 0.770 | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.860 | -0.01 | -0.07 | 0.947 |
| Health promoting behaviors | ||||||||||||||||||
| Self-actualization | 0.28 | 3.54 | <0.001 | 0.30 | 3.61 | <0.001 | 0.30 | 3.79 | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| Health responsibility | 0.11 | 1.34 | 0.182 | 0.16 | 1.84 | 0.068 | 0.21 | 2.52 | 0.013c | |||||||||
| Exercise & nutrition | -0.05 | -0.50 | 0.618 | -0.13 | -1.39 | 0.170 | -0.16 | -1.76 | 0.080 | |||||||||
| Interpersonal support | 0.18 | 2.31 | 0.022c | 0.07 | 0.87 | 0.384 | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.830 | |||||||||
| Stress management | 0.14 | 1.69 | 0.093 | 0.09 | 1.06 | 0.289 | 0.18 | 2.09 | 0.037c | |||||||||
| R2 | 0.087 | 0.293 | 0.087 | 0.222 | 0.104 | 0.268 | ||||||||||||
| AdjR2 | 0.044 | 0.240 | 0.045 | 0.164 | 0.062 | 0.214 | ||||||||||||
| F(P) | 2.03 (0.044c) | 5.57(P＜0.001) | 2.05 (0.043c) | 3.83 (P ＜ 0.001) | 2.49 (0.014c) | 4.92 (P＜0.001) | ||||||||||||
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