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Abstract
Background
There is little evidence on the prevalence of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among cancer patients. We aimed to investigate its prevalence, and to identify gender differences in factors associated with SHS exposure among cancer patients.
Methods
Participants were 304 patients who have been treated via either inpatient or outpatient clinics in the National Cancer Center. SHS exposure was defined as an individual’s experience of SHS exposure during the past month. Gender-stratified analysis was performed by using a logistic regression analysis with potential covariates.
Results
SHS exposure was prevalent in 69.5% of the total participants, specifically in 57.1% of men and 62.7% of women; however, it did not differ significantly by gender. The prevalence of SHS exposure at home was significantly greater in women (20.7%) than in men (4.4%) (P＝0.048). Among men, age ≤50 years (Adjusted odds ratio [OR]＝3.11; confidence interval [CI]＝1.05-9.24), employed status (Adjusted OR＝3.15; CI＝1.38-7.19), and having family smokers (Adjusted OR＝0.32; CI＝0.12-0.82) were significantly associated with SHS exposure. Among women, employment status (Adjusted OR＝2.67; CI＝1.40-5.10), good self-rated health (Adjusted OR＝2.35; CI＝1.20-4.61), and having family smokers (Adjusted OR＝2.03; CI＝1.05-3.91) were significantly associated with SHS exposure.
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Table 1.
Sociodemographic, health- and smoking-related factorsa (N＝304)
| Characteristics | Total (N＝304) | Male (n＝119) | Female (n＝185) | χ2 | Pb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic factors Age, year | |||||
| ≤50 | 120 (39.5) | 29 (24.4) | 91 (49.2) | 18.67 | ＜0.001 |
| ≥51 | 184 (60.5) | 90 (75.6) | 94 (50.8) | ||
| Mean±SD | 53.6±12.6 | 57.4±13.7 | 51.1±11.2 | ||
| Education | |||||
| ＜College | 73 (24.0) | 30 (25.2) | 43 (23.2) | 0.15 | 0.783 |
| ≥ College | 231 (76.0) | 89 (74.8) | 142 (76.8) | ||
| Employed | |||||
| Yes | 167 (54.9) | 58 (48.7) | 109 (58.9) | 3.03 | 0.098 |
| No | 137 (45.1) | 61 (51.3) | 76 (41.1) | ||
| Health-related factors Cancer of origin | |||||
| Stomach | 68 (22.4) | 47 (39.5) | 21 (11.4) | 142.06 | ＜0.001 |
| Colorectal | 36 (11.8) | 17 (14.3) | 19 (10.2) | ||
| Genital | 85 (28.0) | 1 (0.8) | 84 (45.4) | ||
| Respiratory | 58 (19.1) | 31 (26.1) | 27 (14.6) | ||
| Hematologic | 18 (5.9) | 10 (8.4) | 8 (4.3) | ||
| Others | 39 (12.8) | 13 (10.9) | 26 (14.1) | ||
| Cancer treatmentc | |||||
| Chemotherapy | 201 (66.1) | 81 (68.1) | 120 (64.9) | 0.33 | 0.620 |
| Radiation | 59 (19.4) | 24 (20.2) | 35 (18.9) | ||
| Surgery | 169 (55.6) | 57 (47.9) | 112 (60.5) | ||
| Treatment duration, month | 21.9±29.4 | 21.6±30.1 | 22.1±29.0 | ||
| ≥13 | 124 (40.8) | 50 (42.0) | 74 (40.0) | 0.08 | 0.811 |
| ≤12 | 176 (57.9) | 68 (57.1) | 108 (58.4) | ||
| Missing | 4 (1.3) | 1 (0.8) | 3 (1.6) | ||
| Treatment clinics | |||||
| Outpatient | 198 (65.1) | 69 (58.0) | 129 (69.7) | 4.40 | 0.058 |
| Inpatient | 106 (34.9) | 50 (42.0) | 56 (30.3) | ||
| Self-rated health | |||||
| Good | 148 (48.7) | 55 (46.2) | 93 (50.3) | 0.47 | 0.557 |
| Bad | 156 (51.3) | 64 (53.8) | 92 (49.7) | ||
| Smoking-related factors Smoking status | |||||
| Current smoking | 9 (3.0) | 9 (7.5) | 138.13 | ＜0.001 | |
| Mean±SD | |||||
| Amount, pieces/d | 19.4±19.4 | 19.4±19.4 | |||
| Duration, y | 22.1±10.3 | 22.1±10.3 | |||
| Former-smoking | 93 (30.6) | 78 (65.5) | 15 (8.1) | ||
| Mean±SD | |||||
| Amount, pieces/d | 20.6±12.9 | 21.5±12.7 | 15.4±13.2 | ||
| Smoking duration, y | 22.8±13.6 | 24.2±13.7 | 14.8±10.7 | ||
| Ex-smoking duration, y | 7.6±10.3 | 8.4±11.0 | 3.3±3.5 | ||
| Non-smoking | 202 (66.4) | 32 (26.9) | 170 (91.9) | ||
| SHS-related factors Having family smokers | |||||
| Yes | 116 (38.2) | 31 (26.1) | 85 (45.9) | 12.14 | 0.001 |
| No | 188 (61.8) | 88 (73.9) | 100 (54.1) | ||
| Message about SHS | |||||
| Yes | 293 (96.4) | 113 (95.0) | 180 (97.3) | 1.13 | 0.350 |
| No | 11 (3.6) | 6 (5.0) | 5 (2.7) | ||
| Message sources about SHSc | |||||
| TV | 268 (88.2) | 101 (84.9) | 167 (90.3) | ||
| Radio | 51 (16.8) | 24 (20.2) | 27 (14.6) | ||
| Internet | 103 (33.9) | 38 (31.9) | 65 (35.1) | ||
| Newspaper/Magazine | 116 (38.2) | 45 (37.8) | 71 (38.4) | ||
| Signboard | 98 (32.2) | 31 (26.1) | 67 (36.2) | ||
| Health education | 16 (5.3) | 4 (3.4) | 12 (6.5) | ||
| Anti-SHS education by healthcare professionals | |||||
| Yes | 89 (29.3) | 49 (41.2) | 40 (21.6) | 13.37 | ＜0.001 |
| No | 215 (70.7) | 70 (58.8) | 145 (78.4) |
Table 2.
Prevalence of SHS exposure by gendera (N＝304)
| Characteristics | Total (n＝304) | Male (n＝119) | Female (n＝185) | χ2/t | Pb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure to SHS | |||||
| Yes | 184 (69.5) | 68 (57.1) | 116 (62.7) | 0.93 | 0.339 |
| No | 120 (39.5) | 51 (42.9) | 69 (37.3) | ||
| Weekly frequency of SHS exposure | |||||
| Mean±SD | 4.0±4.1 | 4.4±6.1 | 3.8±2.2 | 0.95 | 0.340 |
| Places of SHS exposurec | |||||
| Outside of public place | 128 (69.5) | 43 (63.3) | 83 (71.5) | 69.07 | 0.048 |
| Inside of public place | 54 (29.3) | 31 (45.6) | 23 (19.8) | ||
| Home | 27 (14.6) | 3 (4.4) | 24 (20.7) |
Table 3.
SHS Exposure by general characteristicsa (N＝304)
| Characteristics | SHS Exposure | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (n＝119) | Female (n＝185) | |||
| Total | Total | |||
| Age, year | ||||
| ≤ 50 | 29 | 23 (79.3)c | 91 | 56 (61.5) |
| ≥ 51 | 90 | 45 (50.0) | 94 | 60 (63.8) |
| Education | ||||
| ≥ College | 89 | 54 (60.7) | 142 | 91 (64.1) |
| ＜College | 30 | 14 (46.7) | 43 | 25 (58.1) |
| Employed | ||||
| Yes | 58 | 42 (72.4)c | 109 | 79 (72.5)c |
| No | 61 | 26 (42.6) | 76 | 37 (48.7) |
| Self-rated health Good | 55 | 33 (60.0) | 93 | 68 (73.1)c |
| Bad | 64 | 35 (54.7) | 92 | 48 (52.2) |
| Treatment duration, month | ||||
| ≥ 13 | 50 | 33 (66.0) | 74 | 56 (75.7) |
| ≤ 12 | 68 | 35 (51.5) | 108 | 57 (52.8) |
| Treatment clinic | ||||
| Outpatient | 69 | 42 (60.9) | 129 | 88 (68.2)b |
| Inpatient | 50 | 26 (52.0) | 56 | 28 (50.0) |
| Smoking status Current/former | 87 | 55 (63.2)b | 15 | 11 (73.3) |
| Non Family member’s smoker | 32 | 13 (40.6) | 170 | 105 (61.8) |
| Yes | 31 | 11 (35.5) | 85 | 60 (70.6)b |
| No | 88 | 57 (64.8) | 100 | 56 (56.0) |
| SHS message | ||||
| Yes | 113 | 66 (58.4) | 180 | 114 (63.3) |
| No | 6 | 2 (33.3) | 5 | 2 (40.0) |
| Anti-SHS education from healthcare teams | ||||
| Yes | 49 | 30 (61.2) | 40 | 21 (52.5) |
| No | 70 | 38 (54.3) | 145 | 95 (65.5) |
Table 4.
Factors associated with SHS exposure by gendera (N＝304)
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