Determinants of Follow-up Changes of Brachial Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity in Korean Women

Dae Young Kim; Sung Yeol Kong; Sung Ja Lee; Ha Do Song; Eun Jin Han; Ji Hoon Yang; Ji Yeon Kim; Dong Hyun Lee; Hyun Ho Shin

doi:10.5646/jksh.2012.18.4.154

Journal List > J Korean Soc Hypertens > v.18(4) > 1089793

Go to TopGo to Top Go to BottomGo to Bottom

TOOLS

Kim, Kong, Lee, Song, Han, Yang, Kim, Lee, and Shin: Determinants of Follow-up Changes of Brachial Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity in Korean Women

Original Article

Journal of the Korean Society of Hypertension

Journal of the Korean Society of Hypertension 2012; 18(4): 154-165.

Published online: 31 December 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5646/jksh.2012.18.4.154

Determinants of Follow-up Changes of Brachial Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity in Korean Women

Dae Young Kim, Sung Yeol Kong, Sung Ja Lee, Ha Do Song, Eun Jin Han, Ji Hoon Yang, Ji Yeon Kim, Dong Hyun Lee, Hyun Ho Shin

Department of Internal Medicine, Cheil General Hospital & Women's Healthcare Center, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author (hho.shin@cgh.co.kr)

Received 10 September 2012 Revised 5 November 2012 Accepted 10 November 2012

Abstract

Background

Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) correlates well with arterial distensibility and stiffness and is a useful approach for evaluating the severity of systemic arteriosclerosis in adults. In addition, measurement of brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV) has been commonly reported as a simple, noninvasive, and practicable method. Arterial stiffness assessed by PWV could predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In this study, we investigated the association between the changes of baPWV and cardiovascular risk factors in Korean women using data from follow-up evaluations.

Methods

The subjects were 626 women (age, 47.2 ± 8.2) in whom we measured baPWV and cardiovascular risk factors at baseline and about one year later. Arterial stiffness was evaluated by baPWV and biological parameters were evaluated on the same day. We retrospectively analyzed the relationships between changes of baPWV and those other factors. All analyses were performed with SPSS ver. 20.0 and p-values < 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

In correlation analysis, changes of baPWV were affected by changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Multiple regression analysis of relationship between changes of baPWV and other associated variables shows that improvement of baPWV was significantly positively associated with changes of SBP and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and worsening of baPWV was significantly negatively associated with changes of DBP, age, and SBP in sequence.

Conclusions

In improvement of baPWV, decreases of SBP and HbA1c and in worsening of baPWV, increases of DBP, age, and SBP were significant factors in Korean women.

Keywords: Pulse wave analysis, Vascular stiffness, Arteriosclerosis, Systolic blood pressure

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Baseline and follow-up characteristics of the study subjects (n = 626)

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; FBS, fasting blood sugar.

Table 2

Baseline and follow-up characteristics of the baPWV improved group subjects (n = 291)

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Table 3

Baseline and follow-up characteristics of the baPWV worsened group subjects (n = 335)

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Table 4

Correlation between baPWV difference and variable factor differences (n = 626)

baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; FBS, fasting blood sugar.

Table 5

Correlation between baPWV difference and variable factor differences in the baPWV improved group and worsened group

Table 6

Correlation between baPWV difference and variable factor differences in the baPWV improved subgroup

Group I: baPWV differences ≤ 2.5%, II: 2.5% < baPWV differences < 5%, III: 5% < baPWV differences < 7.5%, IV: baPWV differences ≥ 7.5%. baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; FBS, fasting blood sugar.

Table 7

Correlation between baPWV difference and variable factor differences in the baPWV worsened subgroup

Group V: baPWV differences ≤ 2.5%, VI: 2.5% < baPWV differences < 5%, VII: 5% < baPWV differences < 7.5%, VIII: baPWV differences ≥ 7.5%. baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; FBS, fasting blood sugar.

Table 8

Multiple regression analysis of the relationship between change of baPWV and other associated variables in the baPWV improved group

baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol.

Table 9

Multiple regression analysis of the relationship between change of baPWV and other associated variables in the most baPWV improved subgroup (group IV)

baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; SBP, systolic blood pressure; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.

Table 10

Multiple regression analysis of the relationship between change of baPWV and other associated variables in the baPWV worsened group

baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol.

Table 11

Multiple regression analysis of the relationship between change of baPWV and other associated variables in the most baPWV worsened subgroup (group VIII)

baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.

References

1. Kim TS, Seo YY, Lee SH, Hong YH, Kim DY, Won HS, et al. Correlation between pulse wave velocity and cardiovascular risk factors in Korean women. J Korean Soc Lipidol Atheroscler. 2008. 18:239–246.

2. Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Asmar R, Gautier I, Laloux B, Guize L, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2001. 37:1236–1241.

3. Woolam GL, Schnur PL, Vallbona C, Hoff HE. The pulse wave velocity as an early indicator of atherosclerosis in diabetic subjects. Circulation. 1962. 25:533–539.

4. Blacher J, Asmar R, Djane S, London GM, Safar ME. Aortic pulse wave velocity as a marker of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 1999. 33:1111–1117.

5. Moritani T, Crouse SF, Shea CH, Davidson N, Nakamura E. Arterial pulse wave velocity, Fourier pulsatility index, and blood lipid profiles. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987. 19:404–409.

6. Koh YL, Sung KC, Kwon CH. Relation between serum cystatin C, other cardiovascular risk factors, and pulse wave velocity in patient with never treated essential hypertension. J Korean Soc Hypertens. 2006. 12:40–49.

7. Boutouyrie P, Tropeano AI, Asmar R, Gautier I, Benetos A, Lacolley P, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients: a longitudinal study. Hypertension. 2002. 39:10–15.

8. Cruickshank K, Riste L, Anderson SG, Wright JS, Dunn G, Gosling RG. Aortic pulse-wave velocity and its relationship to mortality in diabetes and glucose intolerance: an integrated index of vascular function? Circulation. 2002. 106:2085–2090.

9. Meaume S, Benetos A, Henry OF, Rudnichi A, Safar ME. Aortic pulse wave velocity predicts cardiovascular mortality in subjects >70 years of age. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001. 21:2046–2050.

10. van Popele NM, Grobbee DE, Bots ML, Asmar R, Topouchian J, Reneman RS, et al. Association between arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis: the Rotterdam Study. Stroke. 2001. 32:454–460.

11. Aso K, Miyata M, Kubo T, Hashiguchi H, Fukudome M, Fukushige E, et al. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity is useful for evaluation of complications in type 2 diabetic patients. Hypertens Res. 2003. 26:807–813.

12. Kim NH, Jeong JW, Choi JH, Song M, Park EM, Kim YK, et al. Effect of hemodynamic changes on pulse wave velocity. J Korean Soc Hypertens. 2006. 12:16–22.

13. Yamashina A, Tomiyama H, Arai T, Hirose K, Koji Y, Hirayama Y, et al. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity as a marker of atherosclerotic vascular damage and cardiovascular risk. Hypertens Res. 2003. 26:615–622.

14. Munakata M, Ito N, Nunokawa T, Yoshinaga K. Utility of automated brachial ankle pulse wave velocity measurements in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens. 2003. 16:653–657.

15. Johansson S, Vedin A, Wilhelmsson C. Myocardial infarction in women. Epidemiol Rev. 1983. 5:67–95.

16. Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L, Boutouyrie P, Giannattasio C, Hayoz D, et al. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J. 2006. 27:2588–2605.

17. Kubo T, Miyata M, Minagoe S, Setoyama S, Maruyama I, Tei C. A simple oscillometric technique for determining new indices of arterial distensibility. Hypertens Res. 2002. 25:351–358.

18. Yun KW, Kim BH, Bae YP, Yi BD, Lee SW, Lim HK, et al. Determinants of 1-year changes of brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Korean Diabetes J. 2008. 32:346–357.

19. Benetos A, Waeber B, Izzo J, Mitchell G, Resnick L, Asmar R, et al. Influence of age, risk factors, and cardiovascular and renal disease on arterial stiffness: clinical applications. Am J Hypertens. 2002. 15:1101–1108.

20. Lehmann ED, Gosling RG, Sonksen PH. Arterial wall compliance in diabetes. Diabet Med. 1992. 9:114–119.

21. Selvin E, Coresh J, Golden SH, Brancati FL, Folsom AR, Steffes MW. Glycemic control and coronary heart disease risk in persons with and without diabetes: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Arch Intern Med. 2005. 165:1910–1916.

22. Choi KM, Lee KW, Ryoung SH, Seo JA, Oh JH, Kim SG, et al. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in Koreans with the metabolic syndrome. J Korean Diabetes Assoc. 2004. 28:36–44.

TOOLS

Similar articles