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Abstract
Purpose
This study was done to identify content of prenatal education and to examine differences in prenatal education, knowledge, and attitude of nulliparous South Korean women.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey design was used with 134 conveniently recruited nulliparous women. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires.
Results
Average number of institutional prenatal education programs was 5.96 at clinics, 4.31 at health care centers, and 0.49 at hospitals. Women participated in an average 5.78 out of the 35 prenatal education contents: 15 types of prenatal and delivery, 10 postpartum self-care, and 10 parenting. Score for knowledge was 7.57out of 10. Women who participated in prenatal education (n=72) reported significantly higher scores in knowledge (t=2.71, p=.008) than women who did not participate (n=62). The average score for attitude was 7.22 out of 10. Nulliparous women over 36 weeks of gestational age had significantly higher scores for attitude (t=2.38, p=.019) than women under 36 weeks. There were significant positive correlations between newborn care knowledge and postpartum care self-efficacy (r=.26, p=.026), and newborn care knowledge and parenting confidence (r=.25, p=.034).
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Table 1.
Participation in Prenatal Education (N=134)
Table 2.
Distribution of Participation in Prenatal Education (N=72)
| Fields | Contents | Participant | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health care center | Clinic | Hospital | Total | ||
| n (%)‡ | n (%)‡ | n (%)‡ | n (%)‡ | ||
| Prenatal care and childbirth† | Overview of prenatal Care | 18 (25.0) | 24 (33.3) | 4 (5.6) | 46 (63.9) |
| Importance of breast feeding and preparation | 16 (22.2) | 25 (34.7) | 2 (2.8) | 43 (59.7) | |
| Physical and emotional changes | 13 (18.1) | 25 (34.7) | 3 (4.2) | 41 (56.9) | |
| Understanding the stages of labor | 12 (16.7) | 24 (33.3) | 1 (1.4) | 37 (51.4) | |
| Nutrition | 8 (11.1) | 24 (33.3) | 2 (2.8) | 34 (47.2) | |
| Exercise | 10 (13.9) | 22 (30.6) | 1 (1.4) | 33 (45.8) | |
| Signs of risk | 6 (8.3) | 23 (31.9) | 3 (4.2) | 32 (44.4) | |
| Taekyo | 10 (13.9) | 14 (19.4) | 3 (4.2) | 27 (37.5) | |
| Sexual activity | 9 (12.5) | 17 (23.6) | 26 (36.1) | ||
| Lamaze method of childbirth | 7 (9.7) | 18 (25.0) | 25 (34.7) | ||
| Oral care | 10 (13.9) | 12 (16.7) | 2 (2.8) | 24 (33.3) | |
| Readiness to become a parents | 9 (12.5) | 11 (15.3) | 1 (1.4) | 21 (29.2) | |
| Management of stress | 8 (11.1) | 10 (13.9) | 1 (1.4) | 19 (26.4) | |
| Screening of depression | 7 (9.7) | 10 (13.9) | 18 (25.0) | ||
| Pain relieve method of childbirth | 6 (8.3) | 11 (15.3) | 1 (1.4) | 17 (23.6) | |
| Self-care of puerperium† | Preparing for breast feeding | 12 (16.7) | 13 (18.1) | 25 (34.7) | |
| Meaning and importance of puerperium | 9 (12.5) | 12 (16.7) | 21 (29.2) | ||
| Contraception | 8 (11.1) | 9 (12.5) | 17 (23.6) | ||
| Perineal care (sitz bath) | 8 (11.1) | 7 (9.7) | 1 (1.4) | 16 (22.2) | |
| Lochia | 7 (9.7) | 9 (12.5) | 16 (22.2) | ||
| Personal hygiene (shower and bath) | 6 (8.3) | 9 (12.5) | 15 (20.8) | ||
| Postpartum depression | 6 (8.3) | 9 (12.5) | 15 (20.8) | ||
| Signs of risk | 8 (11.1) | 6 (8.3) | 14 (19.4) | ||
| Nutrition | 7 (9.7) | 6 (8.3) | 13 (18.1) | ||
| Exercise | 7 (9.7) | 5 (6.9) | 12 (16.7) | ||
| Newborn care† | Breast feeding and belching | 12 (16.7) | 10 (13.9) | 1 (1.4) | 23 (31.9) |
| Umbilical care | 11 (15.3) | 9 (12.5) | 1 (1.4) | 21 (29.2) | |
| Bathing | 10 (13.9) | 9 (12.5) | 1 (1.4) | 20 (27.8) | |
| Growth and development | 8 (11.1) | 9 (12.5) | 1 (1.4) | 18 (25.0) | |
| Management of temperature | 8 (11.1) | 7 (9.7) | 1 (1.4) | 16 (22.2) | |
| Attachment promotion strategies | 6 (8.3) | 8 (11.1) | 1 (1.4) | 15 (20.8) | |
| Adverse symptoms and coping with emergencies | 7 (9.7) | 7 (9.7) | 1 (1.4) | 15 (20.8) | |
| Temperature and humidity of baby's room | 8 (11.1) | 5 (6.9) | 1 (1.4) | 14 (19.4) | |
| Diapering and change clothes | 9 (12.5) | 4 (5.6) | 1 (1.4) | 14 (19.4) | |
| Management and coping with visitors | 4 (5.6) | 6 (8.3) | 1 (1.4) | 11 (15.3) | |
Table 3.
General and Obstetric Characteristics according to Participation in Prenatal Education
| Variables | Categories | Total (n=134) | Participant (n=72) | Non-participant (n=62) | x2 (p) | Number of included contents‡ (n=72) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%)† | n (%)† | n (%)† | M±SD | t or F (p) | |||
| Age (year)§ | 21~25a | 10 (7.5) | 5 (6.9) | 5 (8.1) | 3.37 | 6.80±3.96 | 3.28 |
| 26~30b | 28 (20.9) | 18 (25.0) | 10 (16.1) | (.343) | 9.78±9.51 | (.026) | |
| 31~35c | 81 (60.4) | 39 (54.2) | 42 (67.7) | 9.33±10.69 | d＞c | ||
| ≥36d | 15 (11.2) | 10 (13.9) | 5 (8.1) | 20.90±16.21 | |||
| Education level | ≤High school | 32 (23.9) | 13 (18.1) | 19 (30.6) | 2.90 | 10.62±9.39 | 0.09 |
| ≥College | 102 (76.1) | 59 (81.9) | 43 (69.4) | (.088) | 10.93±12.07 | (.093) | |
| Occupation | Housewife | 66 (49.3) | 37 (51.4) | 29 (46.8) | 6.32 | 10.92±11.87 | 0.15 |
| Profession | 26 (19.4) | 17 (23.6) | 9 (14.5) | (.097) | 12.18±13.62 | (.933) | |
| Office worker | 27 (20.1) | 9 (12.5) | 18 (29.0) | 9.67±10.19 | |||
| Others | 15 (11.2) | 9 (12.5) | 6 (9.7) | 9.44±8.50 | |||
| Marital status | Married | 130 (97.0) | 69 (95.8) | 61 (98.4) | 0.75 | 11.07±11.78 | 3.25 |
| Single | 4 (3.0) | 3 (4.2) | 1 (1.6) | (.386) | 6.33±0.58 | (.002) | |
| Household | ＜200 | 16 (11.9) | 10 (13.9) | 6 (9.7) | 1.47 | 10.90±12.85 | 0.03 |
| income (10,000 | 200~400 | 62 (46.3) | 30 (41.7) | 32 (51.6) | (.480) | 11.27±12.40 | (.967) |
| won/month) | ＞400 | 56 (41.8) | 32 (44.4) | 24 (38.7) | 10.50±10.71 | ||
| Family type | Couple only | 122 (92.4) | 64 (90.1) | 58 (95.1) | 1.14 | 11.05±11.79 | 0.16 |
| Others | 10 (7.6) | 7 (9.9) | 3 (4.9) | (.285) | 10.29±10.77 | (.871) | |
| Gestational age | 32~35 | 67 (50.0) | 35 (48.6) | 32 (51.6) | 0.12 | 9.51±11.41 | 0.97 |
| (week) | ≥36 | 67 (50.0) | 37 (51.4) | 30 (48.4) | (.729) | 12.16±11.73 | (.335) |
| Type of | Natural | 126 (94.0) | 67 (93.1) | 59 (95.2) | 1.77 | 10.73±11.65 | 0.91 |
| pregnancy | Intrauterine insemination | 6 (4.5) | 3 (4.2) | 3 (4.8) | (.412) | 7.33±7.51 | (.408) |
| In vitro fertilization | 2 (1.5) | 2 (2.8) | 21.00±14.14 | ||||
| Plan for | Planned | 84 (63.2) | 44 (62.0) | 40 (64.5) | 0.09 | 10.73±12.22 | 0.14 |
| pregnancy | Non-planned | 49 (36.8) | 27 (38.0) | 22 (35.5) | (.762) | 11.11±10.22 | (.892) |
Table 4.
Levels of Knowledge and Attitude in Nulliparous Women (N=134)
Table 5.
Degree of Knowledge and Attitude according to Subjects' Characteristics (N=134)
Table 6.
Relationships among Participating in Prenatal Education, Knowledge and Attitude in Subgroup (N=72)
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