Husbands' Awareness of Sanhujori, Needs for Education and Family Strength

Eun Kyung Joo; Eun Kwang Yoo

doi:10.4069/kjwhn.2015.21.2.93

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Joo and Yoo: Husbands' Awareness of Sanhujori, Needs for Education and Family Strength

Original Article

Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing 2015; 21(2): 93-105.

Published online: 27 June 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2015.21.2.93

Husbands' Awareness of Sanhujori, Needs for Education and Family Strength

Eun Kyung Joo, Eun Kwang Yoo

College of Nursing, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Yoo, Eun Kwang. College of Nursing, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimri-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2220-0706, Fax: +82-2-2295-2074, glory@hanyang.ac.kr

Received 19 February 2015 Revised 1 April 2015 Accepted 27 May 2015

(open-access):

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

We conducted a descriptive study to: 1) understand how husbands are aware of the importance of Sanhujoiri(i.e, Korean traditional postpartum care) and 2) identify their needs to learn how to take care of postpartum women and new-borns and to strengthen family bonding.

Methods

The subjects consisted of 123 husbands who had children under the age of 5 years. Data were analyzed with t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffé's test, and Pearson's correlation.

Results

The mean age of subjects was 37.1±4.63 years. The mean scores of awareness, needs for education on postpartum mother and newborn care, and family strength were 4.57±1.18, 4.61±1.18, 4.92±1.07, and 4.01±0.95, respectively, indicating higher scores. There were statistically significant differences in awareness (F=5.08, p<.05), newborn care (F=3.70, p<.05), and family strength (F=4.64, p<.05) by husband's role in Sanhujori There was a positive correlation among study variables.

Conclusion

This study shows that even though husbands want to participate in Sanhujori, they do not have enough information on Sanhujori and mother/newborn care and adequate paternity leave. Realistic paternity leave system and effective Couple Centered Childbearing (from pregnancy to postpartum) Education Program CCCEP development are required to help husbands' participation in mother/newborn care with confidence and competence in home based Sanhujori.

Keywords: Sanhujori, Spouses, Awareness, Education, Family strength

Figures and Tables

Figure 1

Flow diagram of participants included in this study.

Table 1

General and Sanhujori related Characteristics (N=123)

Variables	Characteristics	Categories	n (%) or M±SD
General characteristic	Age (year)		37.09±4.63
		<31	10 (8.1)
		31~35	41 (33.3)
		36~40	47 (38.2)
		41~45	25 (20.3)
	Education	High school	18 (14.6)
		College	79 (64.2)
		College above	26 (21.1)
	Occupation	Agriculture & fishing	3 (2.4)
		Manufacturing	23 (18.7)
		Services	38 (30.9)
		Teachers	6 (4.9)
		Professionals	34 (27.6)
		Other	19 (15.4)
	Type of occupation	Regular	78 (63.4)
		Temporary	8 (6.5)
		Full-time	37 (30.1)
	Type of family	Couple	8 (6.5)
		Couple+unmarried children	53 (43.1)
		Other	62 (50.4)
	Monthly income (10,000 won)	<300	37 (30.1)
		300~<500	43 (35.0)
		500~<700	36 (29.3)
		≥700	7 (5.7)
	Type of house	Detached house	5 (3.9)
		Apartment	103 (81.1)
		Row house	3 (2.4)
		Other	12 (9.4)
Sanhujori related characteristic	Appropriate duration of Sanhujori	2 weeks and below	14 (11.4)
		3~4 weeks	63 (51.2)
		6~8 weeks	30 (24.4)
		100 days	12 (9.7)
		≥6 months	4 (3.3)
	Appropriate care-givers of Sanhujori	Husband	13 (10.6)
		Wife's mother or Wife's mother-in-law	62 (50.4)
		Postpartum caretaker	27 (22.0)
		Sanhujoriwon	21 (17.1)
	Wanted place of Sanhujori	Home	22 (17.9)
		Woman's native home or woman's in-laws home	40 (32.5)
		Sanhujoriwon	59 (48.0)
		Hospital	2 (1.6)
	Knowledge of Sanhujori	Know expertise accurately	6 (4.9)
		Know somewhat through mother or people around	67 (54.5)
		Know through internet or Sanhujori site	23 (18.7)
		Do not know honestly	27 (22.0)
	Husband's role in Sanhujori	Centered on couples in Sanhujori	14 (11.4)
		Naturally with husband in Sanhujori	50 (40.7)
		Help what can do	51 (41.5)
		No role because women's work	8 (6.5)
	Sanhujoriwon utilization at first baby	Yes	63 (51.2)
	Sanhujoriwon utilization at first baby	No	60 (48.8)
	Reason why husbands could not participate in Sanhujori	No policy on postpartum paternal leave	47 (38.2)
		Cannot have postpartum leave by feeling of uncomfortable	39 (31.7)
		Other	37 (30.1)

Table 2

Husband's Awareness of Sanhujori (N=123)

6 Principles	Method of Sanhujori	M±SD
Augmenting heat & avoiding cold	Lie down on heated sleeping place and keep body warm.	5.01±1.09
	Ventilate room, if necessary. Be careful that both mother and baby are not exposed to cold air.	4.95±1.10
	Be careful not to be exposed to a sudden variation of temperature while ventilation or transfer.	4.92±1.06
	Room temperature should not be too high. It should be comfortable and warm to mother.	4.85±0.98
	Put on several sheets instead of thick quilt to warm body.	4.51±1.23
	In all seasons, do not touch cold wall, do not use refrigerator and air conditioner, do not have cold water and food, and do not be exposed to cold air.	4.40±1.40
	Mother should stay in sunny room facing south.	4.28±1.23
	Sub total mean	4.70±1.16
Rest without working	Take a good rest and good sleep.	5.29±1.04
	During Sanhujori, stay indoors and refrain from going out.	4.56±1.18
	Stay relax and comfortable.	4.55±1.13
	Start postpartum exercise carefully step by step in 24 hours after delivery.	4.45±1.31
	Do not lie down all the day, and move body carefully.	4.43±1.22
	Postpartum care period should be 21 days at least, 49 days, if possible, and ideally 100 days.	4.42±1.29
	Often lie prone to let uterus return to normal position.	3.95±1.27
	Subtotal mean	4.52±1.21
Eating well	Food should be warm, not salty, not spicy, not sweet, not sour, and soft.	4.80±1.12
	Have sea weed soup for breast feeding and constipation prevention.	4.74±1.09
	Do not try to lose weight in short time. Postpartum special foods should be continued for more than 6 months.	4.45±1.25
	Have a lot of fluid such as soup, milk, soy milk, and juice for breast feeding.	4.32±1.29
	Eat a balanced diet except a fat diet.	4.13±1.42
	Do not eat Sikhye with malt and red ginseng, which are not good for breast feeders.	4.05±1.34
	Do not eat pumpkin, which can result in excessive diuresis, for a week after delivery.	3.92±1.29
	Stamina food such as carp, goat, and snakehead, or herbal medicine can be good for recovery, but they are not requisite.	3.80±1.43
	Subtotal mean	4.28±1.28
Protecting body from harmful strains	Do not: carry heavy goods, bent down, squat, stand a long time, sit with legs crossed.	5.10±0.94
	Even usual movements should be done carefully not to stress to wrist, finger, and elbow joints.	4.68±1.08
	During squeezing milk, do not lower head too much, and do not put stress on wrist too much.	4.57±1.09
	It takes more than a hundred days for recovery of body, so do not overdo during this period.	4.56±1.33
	Take a comfortable pose during breast feeding by putting several pillows under shoulders and arms.	4.56±1.19
	To prevent eye strain, do not watch television or computer too much, and do not read newspaper or books too much.	4.38±1.16
	Stand straight and not to bend down while washing hair.	4.03±1.29
	Subtotal mean	4.56±1.15
Keeping clean	Wash with warm water at a warm place, and put on a gown not to experience abrupt variation of temperature.	4.83±1.00
	Sanity is important. However, wash only the necessary parts such as hands, teeth, and perineum with warm water at a warm place not to feel a chill.	4.68±1.25
	Brush teeth carefully with a soft brush and warm water just after delivery.	4.57±1.09
	Do not take a bath during reproductive system recovery period for 6~8 weeks.	4.43±1.24
	Take a sitz bath or a mugwort steam bath (Ssukzzim) for recovering perineum.	4.41±1.17
	Sexual intercourse can be begun carefully after 100 days. Perineum recovery should be checked with postpartum examination.	4.40±1.32
	Do not put too much stress on fingers while taking a shower or washing hair. Do it in a short time and dry hair with a towel beside a warm window.	4.40±1.19
	Use a wet towel to wash for a week. Hypotension and chilling can be caused by taking a shower and washing hair.	4.39±1.32
	Contraception should be considered from the first time.	4.18±1.49
	Subtotal mean	4.48±1.23
Handling with whole heart	Encouragement and love are required to prevent the mother from depression due to hormone change, and stress and fatigue caused by baby caring.	5.12±0.95
	Husband or care-giver should take care of mother carefully according to principles of Sanhujori.	5.06±0.98
	Care-giver should speak each word carefully to make mother feel comfortable.	4.98±1.07
	Husband or care-giver should help mother, who can be sensitive and be fatigue easily.	4.95±1.03
	Postparum mother has to know the principles and methods of Sanhujori for herself.	4.95±1.17
	Husband, relatives, or care-giver should take care of elder siblings of newborn baby to help mother.	4.85±1.12
	All should speak each word carefully not to offend mother.	4.72±1.06
	Sub total mean	4.95±1.06
Total mean		4.57±1.18

Table 3

Need of Education during Sanhujori (N=123)

Variables	Content	M±SD
Postpartum mother care	Strengthening emotional attachment to newborn baby	5.24±0.92
	Diet and Nutrition for postpartal mother	4.91±1.04
	Postpartum blue management	4.91±1.05
	Proper Sanhujori method and application	4.88±1.06
	Mood changes and how to relieve emotional tension	4.85±1.10
	Importance and method of breastfeeding	4.75±1.10
	Safe postpartal activities and how to gymnastics	4.73±1.13
	Plenty of rest and sleep	4.67±1.34
	Prevention of postpartal diseases and coping method	4.66±1.15
	Breast care and massage	4.65±1.14
	Management of episiotomy site and hemorrhoids	4.59±1.27
	Food cooking methods for Sanhujori	4.49±1.25
	Postpartal personal hygiene (shower, shampoo, wear etc)	4.45±1.17
	Prevention of constipation	4.24±1.21
	The start of menstruation and sexual activity	4.24±1.30
	Methods of contraception	4.12±1.46
	Methods of lochia and normalization of the uterus	4.05±1.38
	Total average	4.61±1.18
Newborn care	Emergency care when baby is sick	5.32±0.92
	Emotional stability of newborn baby	5.07±0.96
	Baby vomiting management	5.07±0.99
	Checking and management of neonatal jaundice	5.02±1.00
	How to bathe a baby	5.01±1.08
	Baby vaccination	4.98±1.07
	How to breastfeed effectively	4.96±1.05
	Management of diaper rash and baby skin	4.94±1.07
	Nursery room hygiene (bottle sterilization etc)	4.91±1.10
	Prevention of infection (diaper management, hand wash etc)	4.90±1.02
	Observation of stool and urine	4.81±1.12
	How to burp	4.80±1.14
	Characteristics of premature infants and management	4.80±1.21
	Baby Massage, gym	4.78±1.09
	Navel management	4.74±1.11
	Temperature measurement	4.61±1.14
	Total average	4.92±1.07

Table 4

Levels of Family Strength (N=123)

Sub-categories	Content	M±SD
Ties between family members	Our family is very harmonious.	4.17±0.74
	Our family gives wrapped together.	4.12±0.78
	Our family understands the feelings of each other.	4.06±0.77
	Our family has seen plenty of interest in each other.	4.03±0.82
	Our family is true to each other.	4.02±0.84
	Subtotal mean	4.08±0.79
Problem solving abilities	When there is a hard problem to solve, family members cooperate with each other.	4.21±0.72
	We can get help for families when there is a difficult task.	4.18±0.74
	Our family strives to be the best solution for all family members.	4.07±0.76
	When determining something, all family members provide feedback.	3.97±0.78
	Our family is trying to solve the problem with all respect.	3.89±0.81
	Subtotal mean	4.06±0.76
Communication between family members	Our family can freely express the feeling of each other.	4.06±0.81
	Our family is honest with each other.	3.98±0.81
	We listen carefully to the words of each other.	3.96±0.82
	We believe in each other and say everything without hiding.	3.91±0.80
	Opinion among our family is not difficult to overcome.	3.67±0.94
	Subtotal mean	3.91±0.83
Shared value system among family members	We are speaking the same language on important thing in life.	4.11±0.84
	Our family has the similar values and beliefs.	3.96±0.80
	Our family makes with the rules and values together.	3.88±0.90
	Our family' values and the rule is clear.	3.68±0.90
	We have a tradition of family only.	3.38±0.93
	Subtotal mean	3.80±0.88
Total mean		4.01±0.95

Table 5

Relationships among Study Variables (N=123)

Variables	Sanhujori Awareness	Need of education for postpartum mother care	Need of education for newborn baby care
Need of education for postpartum mother care	.61 (.001)
Need of education for newborn baby care	.57 (.001)	.78 (<.001)
Family strength	.53 (.001)	.26 (.004)	.23 (.009)

Notes

This article is a revision of the first author's master's thesis from Hanyang university.

This work was supported by the Korean health promotion foundation Research fund(Policy Research 13-32).

Summary Statement

▪ What is already known about this topic?

Previous studies of Sanhujori have focused on the caring of postpartum mothers and their newborn babies from the women's perspectives and in relation to environment of Sanhujoriwon.

▪ What this paper adds?

This study focuses on husbands' perspective on Sanhujori. Husbands' awareness of importance of Sanhujori, their needs for education on postpartum mother and newborn care, and family strength were positively correlated.

▪ Implications for practice, education and/or policy

This study highlights the importance of husband's participation in Sanhujori. Husbands' needs to participate in their wife and newborn care in Sanhujori should be thoroughly assessed and their participation needs to be supported by establishing official and realistic paternity leave

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