Comparing Nutrition Knowledge, Eating Habits, and Neonatal Health Status of Primipara for Pregnant Women of Advanced Maternal Age Compared to Those of Younger Ages

Sun-Ok Lee; Kyung-Yeon Park; Mi-Jung Han

doi:10.4069/kjwhn.2015.21.4.253

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Lee, Park, and Han: Comparing Nutrition Knowledge, Eating Habits, and Neonatal Health Status of Primipara for Pregnant Women of Advanced Maternal Age Compared to Those of Younger Ages

Original Article

Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing 2015; 21(4): 253-261.

Published online: 25 December 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2015.21.4.253

Comparing Nutrition Knowledge, Eating Habits, and Neonatal Health Status of Primipara for Pregnant Women of Advanced Maternal Age Compared to Those of Younger Ages

Sun-Ok Lee¹, Kyung-Yeon Park¹, Mi-Jung Han²

¹Department of Nursing, Silla University, Busan, Korea.

²Ilsin Christian Hospital, Busan, Korea.

Corresponding author: Park, Kyung-Yeon. Department of Nursing, Silla University, 140 Baegyang-daero, 700 beon-gil, Sasang-gu, Busan 617-736, Korea. Tel: +82-51-999-5461, Fax: +82-51-999-6237, kypark@silla.ac.kr

Received 20 July 2015 Revised 23 September 2015 Accepted 20 October 2015

(open-access):

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study was to examine differences in nutrition knowledge, eating habits during pregnancy, and neonatal health status between primipara for pregnant women of advanced maternal age in comparison to those under the age of 35.

Methods

This study used a comparative survey design. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires and patients medical records. A total of 127 participants, mothers after delivery were recruited from metropolitan city B.

Results

Primipara in advanced maternal age (n=32) reported significantly higher scores of eating habits (Z=-2.96, p=.003) than younger ages (n=95). There were no significant differences in scores of pregnancy nutrition knowledge (Z=-0.44, p=.660), duration of gestation (Z=-0.28, p=.778), neonatal birth height (Z=-0.10, p=.924), neonatal birth weight (Z=-0.28, p=.777), Apgar score 1 minute (Z=-0.53, p=.599) and 5 minutes (Z=-0.23, p=.816) between two groups.

Conclusion

It concludes that age is not the obstacle to the best nutritional status of women and their newborns.

Keywords: Maternal age, Nutrition, Knowledge, Food habits

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Participants' Sociodemographic & Health related Characteristics by Maternal Age (N=127)

Characteristics	Categories	Younger age (n=95)	Advanced maternal age (n=32)	χ²	p
Characteristics	Categories	n (%)	n (%)	χ²	p
Education	≤High school	9 (9.5)	4 (12.5)	0.22	.737^†
	≥College	85 (89.4)	28 (87.5)
	No response	1 (1.1)
Job	Yes	46 (48.4)	12 (37.5)	1.49	.222
	No	46 (48.4)	20 (62.5)
	No response	3 (3.2)
Monthly household income (10,000 won)	<199	4 (4.2)	1 (3.1)	2.37	.305
	200~299	20 (21.1)	3 (9.4)
	≥300	71 (74.7)	28 (87.5)
Pre-pregnant BMI	Underweight	9 (9.5)	4 (12.5)	0.69	.877
	Normal	56 (58.9)	17 (53.1)
	Overweight	14 (14.7)	6 (18.8)
	Obese	14 (14.7)	4 (12.5)
	No response	2 (2.1)	1 (3.1)
Perceived health status	Not good	24 (25.3)	7 (21.9)	0.15	.928
	Moderate	51 (53.7)	18 (56.3)
	Good	20 (21.1)	7 (21.9)
Pre-pregnancy exercise	Yes	25 (26.3)	9 (28.1)	0.04	.822
Pre-pregnancy exercise	No	70 (73.7)	23 (71.9)	0.04	.822
Exercise during pregnancy	Yes	12 (12.6)	3 (9.4)	0.24	.759^†
Exercise during pregnancy	No	83 (87.4)	29 (90.6)	0.24	.759^†
Smoking before pregnancy	Yes	3 (3.2)	0 (0.0)	1.04	.571^†
Smoking before pregnancy	No	92 (96.8)	32 (100.0)	1.04	.571^†
Drinking before pregnancy	No	35 (36.8)	14 (43.8)	4.44	.109
	Once a month	39 (41.1)	7 (21.9)
	More than once a month	20 (21.1)	11 (34.4)
	No response	1 (1.1)

^†Fisher's exact test, Age (year): advanced maternal 37.16±2.42, younger age 30.61±2.73.

Table 2

Obstetric Characteristics of Pregnant Women by Maternal Age (N=127)

Characteristics	Categories	Younger age (n=95)	Advanced maternal age (n=32)	χ²	p
Characteristics	Categories	n (%)	n (%)	χ²	p
Frequency of pregnancy	1	86 (90.5)	26 (81.3)	1.98	.160
Frequency of pregnancy	≥2	9 (9.5)	6 (18.7)	1.98	.160
Morning sickness	None	24 (25.3)	7 (21.9)	0.15	.928
	A little	51 (53.7)	18 (56.3)
	Severe	20 (21.1)	7 (21.9)
Pregnancy-related nutrition education	Yes	52 (54.7)	21 (65.6)	0.29	.157
	No	42 (44.2)	10 (31.3)
	No response	1 (1.1)	1 (3.1)
Breast feeding plan	Yes	91 (95.8)	28 (87.5)	2.79	.109^‡
Breast feeding plan	No	4 (4.2)	4 (12.5)	2.79	.109^‡
Pregnancy-related health problem^†	Yes	57 (60.0)	18 (56.3)	0.04	.849
	No	38 (40.0)	13 (40.6)
	No response		1 (3.1)

^†Included bleeding, infection, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, edema, depression, psychiatric problem; ^‡Fisher's exact test.

Table 3

Differences in Pregnancy Nutrition Knowledge and Eating Habits by Maternal Age (N=127)

Variables	Younger age (n=95)	Advanced maternal age (n=32)	Z	p	Possible range
Variables	M±SD	M±SD	Z	p	Possible range
Pregnancy nutrition knowledge	29.27±3.77	29.63±4.14	-0.44	.660	18~36
Eating habits	15.86±3.79	18.22±3.19	-2.96	.003	0~26

Table 4

Differences in Neonatal Health by Maternal Age (N=127)

Variables	Younger age (n=95)	Advanced maternal age (n=32)	Z	p
Variables	M±SD	M±SD	Z	p
Duration of gestation	38.60±1.83	38.58±1.80	-0.28	.778
Neonatal birth height (cm)	58.25±62.52	49.20±2.39	-0.10	.924
Neonatal birth weight (gm)	3,113.98±509.75	3116.75±457.99	-0.28	.777
Apgar score 1 min	8.59±0.84	8.66±0.83	-0.53	.599
Apgar score 5 min	9.60±0.76	9.63±0.71	-0.23	.816

Summary Statement

▪ What is already known about this topic?

Poor infant outcomes as inadequate development and low birth weight have been related with poor maternal nutrition. Women over 35 years of age are more likely to have problems during pregnancy, such as low-birth weight infants and preterm delivery in comparison to younger women.

▪ What this paper adds?

Primipara in advanced maternal age reported significantly higher scores of eating habits in comparison to those from the younger age group. There wasno significant differences in scores of nutritional knowledge and neonatal health status of primipara in pregnant women of advanced maternal age to those 35 and younger Throughout this study, age is not seen as an obstacle for the best nutritional knowledge of maternal women and newborns.

▪ Implications for practice, education and/or policy

Results will be used as a basis to develop and review prenatal nutritional programs for primipara with pregnant women of advanced maternal ages, or those known as high-risk pregnant women.

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