Multilocular developmental salivary gland defect

Jin-Soo Kim

doi:10.5624/isd.2012.42.4.261

Abstract

Developmental salivary gland defect is a bone depression on the lingual surface of the mandible containing salivary gland or fatty soft tissue. The most common location is within the submandibular gland fossa and often close to the inferior border of the mandible. This defect is asymptomatic and generally discovered only incidentally during radiographic examination of the area. This defect also appears as a well-defined, corticated, unilocular radiolucency below the mandibular canal. Although it is not uncommon for this defect to appear as a round or ovoid radiolucency, multilocular radiolucency of these defects is relatively rare. This report presents a case of a developmental salivary gland defect with multilocular radiolucency in a male patient.

Developmental salivary gland defect is a bone depression on the lingual side of the mandible containing salivary gland or fatty soft tissue. This defect has been widely known as Stafne's bone defect since it was described by Stafne in 1942. Stafne reported 35 cases of asymptomatic unilateral radiolucent cavities in the posterior region of the mandible.1 The lesions were located between the mandibular angle and the third molar, below the inferior dental canal and above the mandibular base. The developmental salivary gland defect has no symptoms and is occasionally observed, in general, as a cyst-like oval radiolucent image with cortical bone thickening around the gonial angle of the mandible under the mandibular canal, on panoramic radiography.2,3 Although this defect appearing as a round or ovoid radiolucency is not uncommon, multilocular radiolucency of this defect is rare.4 This report presents a conebeam computed tomographic (CBCT) scan, showing a developmental salivary gland defect with multilocular radiolucency occurring in a male patient.

Case Report

A 66-year-old healthy man was referred from a private dental clinic for evaluation of a multilocular radiolucency at the left molar region of the mandible. Panoramic radiograph revealed a well-defined multilocular radiolucent area under the mandibular canal at the distal root of the second molar tooth (Fig. 1). The lesion showed three lobulated radiolucencies with radiopaque margins in the region of the submandibular gland fossa. On clinical examination, there was no sign of infection, fistula, or nerve damage. No history of expansion on the left mandibular angle area was recorded. The patient had no systemic disease and no specific medical history.

CBCT scan was recommended for further study. Axial CBCT images showed a lingual bony defect located at the lingual side of the mandibular canal (Fig. 2). Coronal CBCT images showed a lobulated bony defect below the mandibular canal (Fig. 3). The maximum mesiodistal length of the defect was 14.16 mm, and the height was 7.38 mm. The maximum buccolingual length of the defect was 4.44 mm, not showing the expansion or thinning of the buccal cortical bone.

Parasagittal CBCT images showed three lobulated radiolucencies with radiopaque margins between the mandibular canal and the inferior border of the mandible (Fig. 4). Three-dimensional, reformatted CBCT images revealed a bony defect extending from the medial surface of the mandible (Fig. 5).

The lesion was diagnosed as a developmental salivary gland defect from the radiographic features. The patient was informed about the lesion and was scheduled for follow-up.

Discussion

Developmental salivary gland defect is typically asymptomatic and next to impossible to palpate, and is generally found incidentally during radiographic examination of the area. In a recent review of a large number of cases, males predominated over females at a ratio of 6.1 : 1, with a peak incidence in the fifth and sixth decades of life.4 Many other terms have been used for this defect including lingual salivary gland depression, Stafne bone cavity, Stafne cyst, static bone cavity, and idiopathic bone cavity.2,5-8

On panoramic radiograph, the defect appears as a circular or ovoid, well-defined radiolucency that ranges in diameter from 1 to 3 cm. The margins of the radiolucent defect are well-defined by a dense sclerotic radiopaque margin of variable width, which is usually thicker on the superior aspect. Characteristically, it is situated just above or at the inferior border of the mandible, between the area of the first molar and the mandibular angle, and always inferior to the mandibular canal. In this case, the defect appeared as a multilocular radiolucency with a radiopaque margin. The defect, however, was located at the characteristic region.

In recent years, computed tomography (CT), CBCT, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been shown to be diagnostically valuable in addition to panoramic radiographs. MRI, with its enhanced definition of adjacent soft tissue, may reveal the occurrence of soft tissue extending into the defect.2

Advanced radiological assessment using CBCT is usually sufficient to achieve a final diagnosis of a developmental salivary gland defect and to avoid surgical treatment, which would be an unnecessary option in the management of a developmental salivary gland defect except for symptomatic or other concomitant pathologies.

Individual developmental salivary gland defects having been followed for some years with periodic radiographic examinations showed no changes in size or shape of the defects over time. Periodic radiographic examination is recommended to document the static nature of the lesion.