Loading [MathJax]/jax/output/HTML-CSS/fonts/TeX/fontdata.js

Journal List > Korean J Obstet Gynecol > v.55(11) > 1088545

TOOLS
Kim, Lee, Lee, Jo, and Kim: Effect of feed restriction during gestation and lactation period on changes in organ weight in rat offspring
Original Article
Korean Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology

Korean Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2012; 55(11): 822-829.

Published online: 16 November 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5468/KJOG.2012.55.11.822

Effect of feed restriction during gestation and lactation period on changes in organ weight in rat offspring

Hye Won Kim, PhD1, 2, Sangmi Lee, MS1, 3, Sun Hwa Lee, MD, PhD4, Inho Jo, PhD2, 3, Young Ju Kim, MD, PhD1, 2, 3

1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

2Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

3Department of Molecular Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

4Neodin Medical Institute, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Young Ju Kim, MD, PhD. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 158-710, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2650-5029, Fax: +82-2-2647-9860, kkyj@ewha.ac.kr

Received 6 April 2012       Revised 16 May 2012       Accepted 29 May 2012

Copyright © 2012. Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objective

We examined the effect of maternal feed restriction during gestation and lactation period on changes in liver, spleen, lung and brain weight in 3 and 24-week-old rat offspring.

Methods

At day 10 of gestation, rats were divided into two groups and given an ad libitum (AdLib) diet or 50% food restricted (FR) diet until delivery. Offspring were divided into four groups: AdLib/AdLib, AdLib throughout experimental period; FR/AdLib, FR during pregnancy and AdLib after delivery; AdLib/FR, AdLib during pregnancy and FR after delivery; and FR/FR, FR throughout experimental period. Offspring were killed at 3 and 24 weeks of age.

Results

In the FR/AdLib group, all of the organ's weights were not differed among the four groups in the 3 and 24-week-old offspring. In the AdLib/FR group, liver (P<0.01) and spleen (P<0.001) weight were decreased in the 3-week-old offspring, but these weights were not differed in the 24-week-old offspring. In this group, male's lung weight was not differed but female's lung (P<0.05) weight was higher than in the control group, however, lung weight of 24-week-old male offspring was increased (P<0.01) whereas female was not differed. Brain weight of AdLib/FR group was higher in the 3 (P<0.001) and 24-week-old (P<0.001 in male, P<0.01 in female) offspring than in the control group.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that maternal feed restriction during critical period might impact on the normal growth and development of offspring organs and also, these effects may influence to prevalence of disease in offspring's lifelong period.

Keywords: Maternal food restriction, Pregnancy, Lactation, Offspring, Organ weight

Figures and Tables

kjog-55-822-g001
Fig. 1
Study design. Nine-week-old male and female Spraque-Dawley rats were used in this study. After a 1-week acclimation period, rats were mated. At day 10 of gestation, rats were randomly divided into two groups and given an ad libitum (AdLib) standard laboratory chow or 50% food restricted diet determined by quantification of normal intake in ad libitum fed rats until delivery. Offspring were divided randomly into four groups: 1) AdLib/AdLib, given ad libitum diet throughout experimental period; 2) food restricted (FR)/AdLib, given 50% diet during pregnancy and ad libitum diet during lactation and adulthood; 3) AdLib/FR, given ad libitum diet during pregnancy and 50% FR diet during lactation and adulthood; and 4) FR/FR, given 50% FR diet throughout experimental period.

Download Figure

kjog-55-822-g002
Fig. 2
Body weight of male and female offspring in AdLib/AdLib, AdLib/FR, FR/AdLib, and FR/FR groups during experimental period. (A) Body weight in male offspring and (B) body weight in female offspring. AdLib/AdLib, given ad libitum diet throughout experimental period; FR/AdLib, given 50% food restricted (FR) diet during pregnancy and ad libitum diet during lactation and adulthood; AdLib/FR, given ad libitum diet during pregnancy and 50% FR diet during lactation and adulthood; FR/FR, given 50% FR diet throughout experimental period.

Download Figure

Table 1
Body weights of mother rats in the AdLib/AdLib, FR/AdLib, AdLib/FR, and FR/FR groups
kjog-55-822-i001

Values are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean values.

AdLib/AdLib, given ad libitum diet throughout experimental period; FR/AdLib, given 50% food restricted diet during pregnancy and ad libitum diet during lactation and adulthood; AdLib/FR, given ad libitum diet during pregnancy and 50% food restricted diet during lactation and adulthood; FR/FR, given 50% food restricted diet throughout experimental period; NS, no significant.

Download Table

Table 2
Relative organ weight of 3-week-old offspring in the AdLib/AdLib, FR/AdLib, AdLib/FR, and FR/FR groupsd
kjog-55-822-i002

Values are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean values.

AdLib/AdLib, given ad libitum diet throughout experimental period; FR/AdLib, given 50% food restricted diet during pregnancy and ad libitum diet during lactation and adulthood; AdLib/FR, given ad libitum diet during pregnancy and 50% food restricted diet during lactation and adulthood; FR/FR, given 50% food restricted diet throughout experimental period; NS, no significant.

a,b,cDifferent superscript letters indicate the comparison with significant differences; dRelative organ weight (g/100 g body weight).

Download Table

Table 3
Relative organ weight of 24-week-old offspring in the AdLib/AdLib, FR/AdLib, AdLib/FR, and FR/FR groupsd
kjog-55-822-i003

Values are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean values.

AdLib/AdLib, given ad libitum diet throughout experimental period; FR/AdLib, given 50% food restricted diet during pregnancy and ad libitum diet during lactation and adulthood; AdLib/FR, given ad libitum diet during pregnancy and 50% food restricted diet during lactation and adulthood; FR/FR, given 50% food restricted diet throughout experimental period; NS, no significant.

a,b,cDifferent superscript letters indicate the comparison with significant differences; dRelative organ weight (g/100 g body weight).

Download Table

References

1. Coupé B, Grit I, Darmaun D, Parnet P. The timing of "catch-up growth" affects metabolism and appetite regulation in male rats born with intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009. 297:R813–R824.
2. Barker DJ. In utero programming of chronic disease. Clin Sci (Lond). 1998. 95:115–128.
3. Barker DJ, Hales CN, Fall CH, Osmond C, Phipps K, Clark PM. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia. 1993. 36:62–67.
4. Lucas A. Role of nutritional programming in determining adult morbidity. Arch Dis Child. 1994. 71:288–290.
5. Simmons RA, Gounis AS, Bangalore SA, Ogata ES. Intrauterine growth retardation: fetal glucose transport is diminished in lung but spared in brain. Pediatr Res. 1992. 31:59–63.
6. World Health Organization. The World Health Organization report: reducing risks, promoting healthy life. 2002. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
7. Tzschoppe A, Struwe E, Rascher W, Dörr HG, Schild RL, Goecke TW, et al. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with increased leptin synthesis and binding capability in neonates. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011. 74:459–466.
8. Plagemann A. Perinatal nutrition and hormone-dependent programming of food intake. Horm Res. 2006. 65:Suppl 3. 83–89.
9. Hales CN, Ozanne SE. The dangerous road of catch-up growth. J Physiol. 2003. 547:5–10.
10. Nair L, Nair MK, Chacko DS. Markers of fetal onset adult diseases. Indian Pediatr. 2009. 46:Suppl. s48–s54.
11. Widdowson EM, McCance RA. A review: new thoughts on growth. Pediatr Res. 1975. 9:154–156.
12. Lucas A, Gore SM, Cole TJ, Bamford MF, Dossetor JF, Barr I, et al. Multicentre trial on feeding low birthweight infants: effects of diet on early growth. Arch Dis Child. 1984. 59:722–730.
13. Desai M, Gayle DA, Casillas E, Boles J, Ross MG. Early undernutrition attenuates the inflammatory response in adult rat offspring. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009. 22:571–575.
14. Chen JH, Martin-Gronert MS, Tarry-Adkins J, Ozanne SE. Maternal protein restriction affects postnatal growth and the expression of key proteins involved in lifespan regulation in mice. PLoS One. 2009. 4:e4950.
15. Cettour-Rose P, Samec S, Russell AP, Summermatter S, Mainieri D, Carrillo-Theander C, et al. Redistribution of glucose from skeletal muscle to adipose tissue during catch-up fat: a link between catch-up growth and later metabolic syndrome. Diabetes. 2005. 54:751–756.
16. Widdowson EM, Mc CR. Some effects of accelerating growth. I. General somatic development. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1960. 152:188–206.
17. Winick M, Noble A. Cellular response in rats during malnutrition at various ages. J Nutr. 1966. 89:300–306.
18. Winick M, Noble A. Quantitative changes in DNA, RNA, and protein during prenatal and postnatal growth in the rat. Dev Biol. 1965. 12:451–466.
19. Strauss RS. Effects of the intrauterine environment on childhood growth. Br Med Bull. 1997. 53:81–95.
20. Alisi A, Cianfarani S, Manco M, Agostoni C, Nobili V. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome in adolescents: pathogenetic role of genetic background and intrauterine environment. Ann Med. 2012. 44:29–40.
21. Nobili V, Alisi A, Panera N, Agostoni C. Low birth weight and catch-up-growth associated with metabolic syndrome: a ten year systematic review. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2008. 6:241–247.
22. Alisi A, Panera N, Agostoni C, Nobili V. Intrauterine growth retardation and nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease in children. Int J Endocrinol. 2011. 2011:269853.
23. Coupe B, Grit I, Hulin P, Randuineau G, Parnet P. Postnatal growth after intrauterine growth restriction alters central leptin signal and energy homeostasis. PLoS One. 2012. 7:e30616.
24. Kwon DH, Kang W, Nam YS, Lee MS, Lee IY, Kim HJ, et al. Dietary protein restriction induces steatohepatitis and alters leptin/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 signaling in lactating rats. J Nutr Biochem. 2012. 23:791–799.
25. Rehan VK, Sakurai R, Li Y, Karadag A, Corral J, Bellusci S, et al. Effects of maternal food restriction on offspring lung extracellular matrix deposition and long term pulmonary function in an experimental rat model. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012. 47:162–171.
26. Desai M, Crowther NJ, Lucas A, Hales CN. Organ-selective growth in the offspring of protein-restricted mothers. Br J Nutr. 1996. 76:591–603.
27. Desai M, Gayle D, Babu J, Ross MG. Permanent reduction in heart and kidney organ growth in offspring of undernourished rat dams. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005. 193:1224–1232.
28. Scherjon SA, Oosting H, Smolders-DeHaas H, Zondervan HA, Kok JH. Neurodevelopmental outcome at three years of age after fetal 'brain-sparing'. Early Hum Dev. 1998. 52:67–79.
29. Smart JL. 'Malnutrition, learning and behavior': 25 years on from the MIT symposium. Proc Nutr Soc. 1993. 52:189–199.
TOOLS
Similar articles