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Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) are some chemicals which are acting like hormones inside the body. May kinds of EDCs are acting like estrogen or anti-estrogen, so reproductive systems of male are the main targent organ. EDCs use genetic variations and epigenetic variations as main control route of diseases. When pregnant female is exposed to EDCs, the effects of EDCs on their epigenetic system affect through 3rd generation of offspring. Among many kinds of EDCs, the most notorious EDCs are dioxin and bisphenol A. Phthalates, which have so many kinds and high exposure rate, the effects of phthalate to gynecologic disease were not discovered. So in this paper, we try to summerize the effects of phthalate and new epignetic technique to evalaute the relationship among phthalate and gynecologic disease.
Figures and Tables
Fig. 1
The weight of evidence that Di(2-ehtylhexyl)phthalate causes adverse developmental or reproductive effect in human and laboratory animal.
Fig. 2
National toxicology program of usa conclusions regarding the possibilities that human development or reproduction might be adversely affected by exposure to di(2-ehtylhexyl)phthalate.
Table 1
Suspected endocrine disruptors (From Lee et al., [1] with permission Korean Endocrine Society.)
TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; PCDF, polychlorinated dibenzofuran; PeCDF, 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran; DEHP, di(2-ehtylhexyl) phthalate; BBP, benzyl butyl phthalate; DBP, dibutyl phthalate; DPP, di-n-pentyl phthalate; DPrP, di-propyl phthalate; PVC, polyvinyl chloride; PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl; DDT, dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane; DDD, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane; DDE, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene; HCH, hexachlorocyclohexane.
Table 2
Some animal studies and human data about endocrine disrupting chemicals which show positive correlations with female reproductive disorders
DES, diethylstilbesterol; DEHP, Di(2-ehtylhexyl)phthalate; DDT, dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane; PBA, polybutyl acrylate; PBB, polybromianted biphenyl; DDE, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene; BPA, bisphenol A; PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl; PCOS, polycystic ovarian syndrome; HPO, hypothalmus pituitary ovarian; MXC, methoxychlor; AGEs, acute gastroenteritis.
Table 3
Variable phthalates and metabolites
MW, molecular weight; EFSA, Eurpopean food safetly authority; TDI, tolerable daily intake; EPA, environmental protection agency; RfD, reference dose; DEHP, di(2-ehtylhexyl)phthalate; MEHP, mono ethyl hexyl phthalate; DiNP, diisononyl phthalate; MiNP, mono-iso-nonyl phthalate; DiDP, diisodecyl phthalate; MiDP, monoisodecyl phthalate; PVC, polyvinyl chloride; DPHP, di(2-Propyl Heptyl) phthalate; DMP, dimethylphosphate; DEP, dietyl phthalate; MEP, mono-ethyl phthalate; DnBP, di-n butyl phthalate; MnBP, mono-n-butyl phthalate; DiBP, diisobutyl Phthalate; MiBP, mono-iso-butyl phthalate; BBzP, butyl benzyl phthalate; MBzP, monobenzyl phthalate.
Table 5
DEHP related disease in human and animal
DEHP, di(2-ehtylhexyl)phthalate; BBzP, butyl benzyl phthalate; MnBeP, mono-n-benzyl phthalate; MnBP, mono-n-butyl phthalate; DnBP, di-n butyl phthalate; MBP, mono butyl phthalate; DiNP, diisononyl phthalate; DBP, dibutyl phthalate; MEP, mono-ethyl phthalate; MiBP, mono-iso-butyl phthalate; DBP, dibutyl phthalate; DEP, dietyl phthalate; DMP, dimethylphosphate.
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