Gender-Dependent Characteristics of Bipolar Patients in the National Forensic Psychiatric Hospital

Deyon Kim; Mi-Kyung Lyu; Jeongin Yang; Sunbum Kim; Myoungjae Kim

doi:10.7580/kjlm.2015.39.4.109

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Kim, Lyu, Yang, Kim, and Kim: Gender-Dependent Characteristics of Bipolar Patients in the National Forensic Psychiatric Hospital

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Korean J Leg Med 2015;39(4):109-114.

Published online: 17 January 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7580/kjlm.2015.39.4.109

Gender-Dependent Characteristics of Bipolar Patients in the National Forensic Psychiatric Hospital

Deyon Kim¹, Mi-Kyung Lyu¹, Jeongin Yang¹, Sunbum Kim², Myoungjae Kim¹

¹Department of Psychiatry, The National Forensic Psychiatric Hospital, Gongju, Korea

²Department of Social Welfare, The National Forensic Psychiatric Hospital, Gongju, Korea

Correspondence to Deyon Kim Department of Psychiatry, The National Forensic Psychiatric Hospital, 253 Banpochogyo-gil, Banpo-myeon, Gongju 32621, Korea Tel: +82-41-840-5459 Fax: +82-41-840-5498 E-mail: dyk@daum.net

Received 27 October 2015 Revised 29 October 2015 Accepted 30 October 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Forty patients (20 male and 20 female) diagnosed with bipolar disorder voluntarily participated in this study. For each patient, questionnaire and computerized objective data, obtained from involved doctors, nurses, psychologists, prosecutors, and the hospital information system, were collected after receiving the patients'written consent. When a patient’ s answers diverged greatly from computerized data (i.e., onset age, history of criminal prosecution and re-hospitalization), computerized data were given priority. Immediately after the authors collected the questionnaires, any personal identifying information was replaced by random numbers to prevent bias and protect privacy. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.0 for MS Windows. Comparative items on questionnaires were evaluated by paired t test and chi square test. Male patients were found to have a higher recidivism rate than female patients (P<0.05). Female patients reported more trauma history (P<0.05), bipolar type II diagnoses (P<0.05), and suicide attempts (P<0.01) than male patients. There was no statistically significant difference between male and female patients for Intelligence Quotient (IQ) or for 13 of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) subscales.

Keywords: Bipolar disorder, Forensic, Gender

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Fig. 1.

Proposed sex differences in a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) synapse. Panel shows the difference of 5-HT receptors between males and females. The density of both reuptake transporters on the cleft of the presynaptic serotonin cell and 5-HT receptors on the cleft of the postsynaptic cell is higher in females (F, female; M, male). Adopted from Cosgrove KP, et al. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62:847-55, with permission of Elsevier [5].

Table 1.

Demographic characteristics of bipolar patients upon gender

Charateristic		Male (n=20)	Female (n=20)	Total n=40	χ ² or t	P-value
Age (yr)		42.15±12.40	43.85±10.91	44.50±11.57	0.351	0.727
Onset age of biolar disorder		32.05±9.77	33.50±9.44	32.78±9.51	-0.447	0.636
No. of crimes		1.70±1.17	1.15±0.67	1.42±0.984	1.819	0.079
No. of re-occurance		4.60±3.84	5.30±8.46	4.95±6.50	-0.337	0.739
No. of re-hospitalization		1.55±0.95	1.10±0.31	1.32±0.73	2.026	0.055
Occupation	Yes	18 (90.0)	17 (85.0)	35 (87.5)	0.229	0.633
Occupation	No	02 (10.0)	03 (15.0)	05 (12.5)
Past crime history	No	13 (65.0)	19 (95.0)	32 (80.0)	5.625	0.018^a)
Past crime history	Yes	07 (35.0)	1 (5.0)	08 (20.0)

Values are presented as mean±SD or number (%).

^a) P<0.05.

Table 2.

Characteristics of bipolar patients upon gender

		Male	Female	Total	χ ²	P-value
Trauma	Yes	04 (20.0)	12 (60.0)	16 (40.0)	6.667	0.010^a)
Trauma	No	16 (80.0)	08 (40.0)	24 (60.0)
Bipolar disorder	Type Ⅰ	16 (80.0)	09 (45.0)	25 (62.5)	5.227	0.048^a)
Bipolar disorder	Type Ⅱ	04 (20.0)	11 (55.0)	15 (37.5)
Rapid cycling	Yes	05 (25.0)	11 (55.0)	16 (40.0)	3.750	0.053
Rapid cycling	No	15 (75.0)	09 (45.0)	24 (60.0)
Mixed type	Yes	06 (30.0)	07 (35.0)	13 (32.5)	0.114	0.736
Mixed type	No	14 (70.0)	13 (65.0)	27 (67.5)
Suicidal attempt	Yes	04 (20.0)	13 (65.0)	17 (42.5)	8.286	0.004^b)
Suicidal attempt	No	16 (80.0)	07 (35.0)	23 (57.5)
Comorbid disease	Yes	14 (70.0)	13 (65.0)	27 (67.5)	0.114	0.736
Comorbid disease	No	06 (30.0)	07 (35.0)	13 (32.5)

Values are presented as number (%).

^a) P<0.05,

^b) P<0.01.

Table 3.

MMPI profile and IQ of bipolar patients upon gender

	Male (n=12)	Female (n=14)	Total (n=26)	t	P-value
L (lie)	46.33±7.20	51.42±10.51	48.88±9.18	-1.382	0.181
F (infrequency)	55.08±7.67	61.00±15.83	58.04±12.53	-1.165	0.261
k (defensiveness)	46.08±14.89	47.58±12.12	46.83±13.33	-0.270	0.790
Hs (hypochondria)	50.92±8.61	54.92±11.10	52.92±9.92	-0.987	0.335
D (depression)	52.50±9.42	63.42±20.29	57.96±16.44	-1.690	0.105
Hy (hysteria)	53.42±10.46	56.50±11.33	54.96±10.78	-0.692	0.496
Pd (psychopatic deviate)	60.92±9.99	59.00±16.03	59.96±13.10	0.351	0.729
Mf (masculinity-femininity)	53.58±10.10	44.67±11.97	49.13±11.75	1.972	0.061
Pa (paranoia)	63.08±15.40	69.08±19.26	66.08±17.32	-0.843	0.408
Pt (psychasthenia)	54.42±8.32	62.58±17.55	58.50±14.06	-1.456	0.165
Sc (schizophrenia)	55.08±9.07	62.50±13.69	58.79±11.97	-1.564	0.132
Ma (hypomania)	52.50±11.27	50.25±8.01	51.38±9.63	0.563	0.579
Si (social introversion)	51.33±14.07	57.00±16.99	54.17±15.53	-0.890	0.383
IQ	96.92±17.81	95.00±11.83	95.92±14.71	0.055	0.956

Values are presented as mean±SD.

MMPI, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; IQ, intelligence quotient.

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