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Shin, Kang, Jung, Choi, Park, So, Kim, Kim, and Bae: Hemoglobin A1c Is Positively Correlated with Framingham Risk Score in Older, Apparently Healthy Nondiabetic Korean Adults
Original Article
Endocrinology and Metabolism

Endocrinology and Metabolism 2013; 28(2): 103-109.

Published online: 18 June 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2013.28.2.103

Hemoglobin A1c Is Positively Correlated with Framingham Risk Score in Older, Apparently Healthy Nondiabetic Korean Adults

Ji Hye Shin1, Ji In Kang2, Yun Jung2, Young Min Choi2, Hyun Jung Park2, Jung Hae So2, Jin Hwa Kim2, Sang Yong Kim2, Hak Yeon Bae2

1Miso Silver Hospital, Hwasun, Korea.

2Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chosun University Hospital, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea.

Corresponding author: Sang Yong Kim. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chosun University Hospital, Chosun University School of Medicine, 365 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-717, Korea. Tel: +82-62-220-3011, Fax: +82-62-223-3316, diabetes@chosun.ac.kr

Received 25 January 2013       Accepted 21 March 2013

Copyright © 2013 Korean Endocrine Society

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background

Several studies have suggested that elevated levels of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in nondiabetic individuals. However, it is unclear whether HbA1c levels can serve as a simple screening marker for increased CVD risk in nondiabetic individuals. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between HbA1c levels and CVD risk using the Framingham risk score (FRS) in older, apparently healthy nondiabetic Korean adults.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 2,879 Korean adults between the ages of 40 and 79 who underwent voluntary health check-ups at the Health Promotion Center of our hospital from July 2009 to June 2011. Subjects were subdivided based on their HbA1c levels into four groups: tertiles within the HbA1c normal tolerance range and a group for subjects with an increased risk for diabetes (IRD).

Results

The mean FRS for the upper tertile (9.6±3.8) group was significantly higher than that of the middle tertile (8.4±4.0) and lower tertile (7.6±3.8) groups. In addition, FRS was highest in the IRD group (10.5±3.7). Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that HbA1c levels exhibited a significant positive correlation with FRS when adjusted for confounding variables in all subjects (β±standard error [SE], 0.018±0.002; R2, 0.131), women (β±SE, 0.023±0.003; R2, 0.170), and men (β±SE, 0.016±0.004; R2, 0.109).

Conclusion

HbA1c levels were positively correlated with FRS in older, apparently healthy nondiabetic Korean adults. We propose that HbA1c levels may reflect CVD risk in nondiabetic individuals.

Keywords: Hemoglobin A, glycosylated, Framingham risk score, Nondiabetic individuals

INTRODUCTION

Hyperglycemia has been established as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1]. Epidemiological studies have shown that elevated glucose levels are associated with CVD risk even among individuals without diabetes [2-4]. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels provide an index of an individual's average glycemia over the past 2 to 3 months. HbA1c levels have a low intraindividual variability and reflect both fasting and postprandial glycemic states. Therefore, HbA1c levels are considered to be a useful indicator of dysglycemia [5,6]. Recently, several studies have suggested that elevated HbA1c levels are associated with CVD in nondiabetic adults, and may be a risk indicator for the development of CVD [7-14]. However, it is unclear whether elevated HbA1c levels reflect CVD risk in all individuals, irrespective of characteristics including genetics, sex, race/ethnicity, and population. To our knowledge, there have been no studies that have focused on a Korean population, particularly a population considered to be healthy.
Framingham risk score (FRS) is a widely used model for predicting CVD over a 10-year period [15]. FRS is useful for CVD prediction in middle-aged, asymptomatic individuals [16,17]. Previous studies have demonstrated that the FRS is useful for predicting CVD in Korea [18,19]. Specifically, Kang and Kim [18] suggested that FRS is associated with CVD in Korean men based on the third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2005. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between HbA1c levels and FRS in older, apparently healthy nondiabetic Korean adults.

METHODS

Study population

We retrospectively reviewed 2,879 Korean adults between the ages of 40 and 79 who underwent voluntary regular health check-ups at the Health Promotion Center of our hospital from July 2009 to June 2011. Individuals who were previously diagnosed with diabetes, hypertension, or dyslipidemia, as well as those being treated with hypoglycemic agents, antihypertensive agents, and lipid-lowering agents were excluded. Additional exclusion criteria were as follows: coronary artery disease, stroke, acute infection, pregnancy, malignancy, liver disease, thyroid disease, impaired renal function, fasting plasma glucose above 126 mg/dL or HbA1c level above 6.5%, hemoglobin concentration less than 12.0 g/dL for females or 13.0 g/dL for males, and missing data. A total of 1,535 individuals were included in the study after excluding ineligible subjects.
Data were collected by reviewing medical questionnaires (medical history and smoking status), a physical examination (height, weight, and blood pressure), and laboratory tests. After an overnight (>8 hours) fast, venous blood samples were collected in K2-EDTA using serum separator blood-drawing tubes (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Fasting plasma glucose concentrations were measured using the hexokinase enzymatic method. Levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured with an ADVIA 1650 (Bayer, Tokyo, Japan). HbA1c levels were measured using ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (Variant II, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). The FRS for each patient was calculated using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III algorithm, which is based on six risk factors: gender, age, TC, HDL-C, systolic blood pressure, and smoking status [15].

Statistical analysis

Subjects were subdivided based on their HbA1c levels into four groups: tertiles within the HbA1c normal tolerance range and a group for subjects with an increased risk for diabetes (IRD) [20]. Division by tertiles within the normal tolerance range was defined as follows: lower tertile (LT), HbA1c ≤5.3%; middle tertile (MT), 5.3%<HbA1c≤5.5%; and upper tertile (UT), 5.5%<HbA1c<5.7%. The IRD group was defined as 5.7%≤HbA1c<6.5%. Comparisons within groups were performed using one-way ANOVA for continuous variables, and Tukey's multiple range test was used for categorical variables. Post-hoc analysis was performed using Scheffe's method to compare differences between groups. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify independent associations between HbA1c levels and FRS results. We used multiple linear regression models to control for effects of body mass index (BMI) alone or the combined effects of BMI, diastolic blood pressure, TG, and LDL-C. Additional multiple linear regression models were employed to examine the combined effects of BMI, diastolic blood pressure, TG, LDL-C, and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) on FRS results. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS software version 19.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

The clinical and biochemical characteristics of subjects are listed in Table 1. The mean age of the subjects included in this study was 51.0±8.2 years. Men were more likely than women to have elevated weight, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and TG concentrations, and were also more likely to smoke. The mean FRS was 9.4±4.0, and the mean 10-year CVD risk was 4.4%±5.1%. The average FRS and 10-year CVD risks were higher for men than women.
The characteristics of the subjects subdivided into the HbA1c tertiles and IRD group are shown in Table 2. Age, BMI, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and hs-CRP were significantly different between the HbA1c subgroups. Age, BMI, TC, TG, and LDL-C were highest in the IRD group. Age, BMI, TG, and hs-CRP were significantly higher in UT subjects than LT subjects. TC and LDL-C were significantly higher in MT and UT subjects than LT subjects. FRS in the UT (9.6±3.8) group was significantly higher than those of the MT (8.4±4.0) and LT (7.6±3.8) groups. Moreover, FRS was highest in the IRD (10.5±3.7) group. The 10-year CVD risk in the UT (4.9±4.9%) and IRD (5.2±5.7%) groups was also significantly higher than for the MT (3.3±4.3%) and LT (3.2±4.2%) groups.
Table 3 shows a multivariable-adjusted relationship between HbA1c levels and FRS for all subjects subdivided by gender. After adjusting for BMI, HbA1c levels exhibited a significant positive relationship with FRS across all subjects (β±standard error [SE], 0.023±0.002; R2, 0.110) as well as women (β±SE, 0.025±0.002; R2, 0.149) and men (β±SE, 0.023±0.003; R2, 0.085) alone. In addition, the independent positive relationship between HbA1c and FRS remained significant in across all subjects (β±SE, 0.019±0.002; R2, 0.129), women (β±SE, 0.024±0.003; R2, 0.168), and men (β±SE, 0.017±0.004; R2, 0.108) after adjusting for diastolic blood pressure, TG, LDL-C, and BMI. These significant positive relationships persisted across all subjects (β±SE, 0.018±0.002; R2, 0.131), women (β±SE, 0.023±0.003; R2, 0.170), and men (β±SE, 0.016±0.004; R2, 0.109) after adjusting for hs-CRP as well.

DISCUSSION

The results of the present study demonstrated a significant positive relationship between HbA1c levels and FRS in older, apparently healthy nondiabetic Korean Adults. After adjusting for confounding variables, HbA1c levels were found to be positively correlated with FRS in both men and women.
Diabetes is well known as a risk factor for CVD [21]. Diabetic patients have a 2-fold to 4-fold increased rick of CVD compared to nondiabetics [22]. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) have also been shown to increase CVD risk [23]. Interestingly, a relationship between elevated glucose levels and CVD risk has been reported in people without diabetes [2-4]. High glucose concentrations may accelerate atherosclerotic processes through oxidative stress and protein glycation of vessel walls [24]. As such, the possibility that the degree of dysglycemia is an independent risk factor for CVD has been proposed [1-4,21,23]. However, a causal role of glucose itself in the development of CVD remains illusive. HbA1c levels reflect circulating glucose levels over the preceding 2 to 3 months, have a low intraindividual variation, and can be assessed in a nonfasting state. HbA1c levels represent both the fasting and postprandial glycemic state and are considered useful as a measurement of dysglycemia. HbA1c levels are also used as an index for the risk of developing diabetic complications and to guide therapy by assessing the response to glucose-lowering treatments in diabetic patients [5,6]. Recently, HbA1c levels have also been added as a diagnostic criterion for diabetes, largely due to the established association between HbA1c levels and microvascular disease [20].
Several studies have suggested that HbA1c levels may be useful for detecting the risk of CVD in nondiabetic subjects [7-14]. The Hoorn study [7] showed that a 1.4% increase of HbA1c is associated with a higher age-adjusted and sex-adjusted risk of all-cause (relative risk [RR], 1.61) and CVD mortality (RR, 2.12) in older subjects without diabetes during an 8 year follow-up period. The Rancho Bernardo study [8], a community-based analysis of 1,239 nondiabetic older adults, showed that HbA1c levels, but not fasting plasma glucose or postchallenge plasma glucose levels, are significantly related to CVD and ischemic heart disease (IHD) associated mortality in women but not men. The authors of the EPIC-Norfolk study [9] demonstrated that HbA1c levels are continuously related to subsequent all-cause, CVD, and IHD mortality throughout an entire population distribution, with the lowest rates observed in men with HbA1c levels below 5%. A one percent increase in HbA1c levels was shown to be significantly associated with a 28% increased risk of death after multivariable adjustment, an effect that persisted even after excluding men with known diabetes, HbA1c levels ≥7%, a history of myocardial infarction, or a history of stroke. Selvin et al. [10] demonstrated in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study that HbA1c levels are a strong predictor of CVD and death from any cause in participants without a history of diabetes. Specifically, in a community-based population of nondiabetic middle-aged white and black adults, the predictive value of HbA1c levels was demonstrated to be superior compared with fasting glucose values. Silbernagel et al. [11] found that HbA1c levels are significantly and independently associated with fasting glucose predicted all-cause and CVD mortality in individuals without a history of diabetes undergoing coronary angiography. Although concerns have been raised about the clinical significance of nondiabetic hyperglycemia for CVD risk and the role of HbA1c levels as a reasonable marker at this stage, it is uncertain whether HbA1c levels may serve as a simple screening marker for increased CVD risk in nondiabetic individuals. Moreover, HbA1c can be affected by individual characteristics, including genetics, sex, race/ethnicity, and different populations [25,26].
In the present study, we evaluated the relationship between HbA1c level and CVD risk by estimating FRS in older, apparently healthy nondiabetic Korean adults. FRS is a widely used tool for assessing 10-year risk for CVD events in middle-aged, asymptomatic individuals. FRS is calculated from CVD risk factors including age, gender, smoking, systolic blood pressure, HDL-C, and TC [15-17]. We found a significant positive correlation between HbA1c levels and FRS, which remained after adjusting for all conditions associated with FRS in all populations as well as for gender differences. FRS and 10-year CVD risk in the UT group was significantly higher than those of MT and LT group, all of which were within the normal glucose tolerance range of HbA1c. In particular, FRS was the highest, by a significant amount, in the IRD population. It is likely that HbA1c levels, which represent chronic exposure to fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia, may reflect a combination of metabolic defects underlying both IFG and IGT. This hypothesis suggests that HbA1c levels reflect CVD risk in middle-aged nondiabetic Korean adults, even though their HbA1c levels are generally considered to be within a normal range. Some studies have suggested the usefulness of HbA1c as a predictor of metabolic syndrome, defined as a cluster of closely related CVD risk factors such as obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia [27,28]. In our study, dyslipidemia and obesity was observed in UT subjects within the normal glucose tolerance range of HbA1c, while those in the IRD group were comparable with the MT and LT groups. Our results provide evidence that in subjects without diabetes, HbA1c levels may function as an index of CVD risk.
The limitations of this study include the small sample size and its cross-sectional design, which precludes the clear determination of a causal relationship. That the FRS for CVD and specific outcomes could not be assessed was another limitation of our study, and thus we cannot provide insight into whether elevated FRS actually causes CVD events. The lack of oral glucose tolerance test data and measurement of HbA1c levels at only one timepoint are also important limitations. In addition, almost half of the study subjects fell into the IRD group. Lastly, our results may not be generalizable to all Koreans because the study participants were volunteers who attended regular health check-ups. Despite these limitations, this study is meaningful because it presents the most current data available with respect to evaluating the association between HbA1c levels and FRS in older, apparently healthy nondiabetic Korean adults.
In conclusion, HbA1c levels were positively correlated with FRS in older, apparently healthy nondiabetic Korean adults. We propose that HbA1c levels may reflect the risk of CVD associated with nondiabetic hyperglycemia, which should be evaluated in the future by prospective studies.

Figures and Tables

Table 1
Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics of Subjects
enm-28-103-i001

Values are expressed as mean±SD or number (%).

BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP, high sensitive C-reactive protein; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; FRS, Framingham risk score; CVD, cardiovascular disease.

Table 2
Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics Stratified by Tertiles of the Normal HbA1c Tolerance Range and Increased Risk for Diabetes
enm-28-103-i002

Values are expressed as mean±SD or number (%). LT, HbA1c ≤5.3%; MT, 5.3%<HbA1c≤5.5%; UT, 5.5%<HbA1c<5.7%; IRD, 5.7≤HbA1c<6.5%.

LT, lower tertile; MT, middle tertile; UT, upper tertile; IRD, increased risk for diabetes; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP, high sensitive C-reactive protein; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FRS, Framingham risk score; CVD, cardiovascular disease.

aP<0.05 vs. LT; bP<0.05 vs. MT; cP<0.05 vs. UT.

Table 3
Multiple Linear Regression Analyses of the Relationship between Framingham Risk Score (as a Dependent Variable) and Hemoglobin A1c (as an Independent Variable)
enm-28-103-i003

Model 1, adjusted by body mass index. Model 2, adjusted by body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Model 3, adjusted by body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high sensitive C-reactive protein.

SE, standard error.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was supported by research funds from Chosun University, 2011.

Notes

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

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