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Choi: AMP-activated protein kinase Activating Agent and Its Implication
Review Article
Endocrinology and Metabolism

Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012; 27(2): 109-115.

Published online: 20 June 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2012.27.2.109

AMP-activated protein kinase Activating Agent and Its Implication

Hyoung Chul Choi

Department of Pharmacology, Aging-associated Vascular Disease Research Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.

Corresponding author: Hyoung Chul Choi. Department of Pharmacology, Aging-associated Vascular Disease Research Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, Korea. Tel: +82-53-620-4353, Fax: +82-53-656-7995, hcchoi@med.yu.ac.kr

Copyright © 2012 Korean Endocrine Society

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important cellular fuel sensor. Activation of AMPK requires phosphorylation at threonine (Thr)-172, which resides in the activation loop of the α1 and α2 subunits. Several AMPK upstream kinases are capable of phosphorylating AMPK at Thr-172, including LKB1 and CaMKKβ. AMPK has been implicated in the regulation of physiological signals, such as inhibition of cholesterol, fatty acid, protein synthesis, and enhancement of glucose uptake and blood flow. AMPK activation also exhibits several salutary effects on vascular function and improves vascular abnormalities. AMPK is activated by numerous drugs and xenobiotics. Some of these are in clinical use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (e.g., metformin and thiazolidinediones), hypertension (e.g., nifedipine and losartan), and impaired blood flow (e.g., aspirin, statins, and cilostazol). Plant-derived xenobiotics or nutraceuticals that were claimed to have health benefits in diabetes or cancer have been reported to activate AMPK. These include resveratrol from red wine, epigallocatechin gallate from green tea, capsaicin from peppers, berberine, which is a yellow dye of the genus berberis, genistein from soy bean, and ginsenoside from ginseng panax. AMPK is also modulated by numerous hormones and cytokines that regulate energy balance at the whole body level, including leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, and even thyroid hormones. This work shows that the precise mechanisms of AMPK kinase and AMPK interaction.

Keywords: AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK activating agent, LKB1

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1
Key processes of energy metabolism regulated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (Adapted from Hardie DG, et al. J Physiol 574(Pt 1):7-15, 2006) [9].
enm-27-109-g001
Fig. 2
Regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by phosphorylation and adenine nucleotides (Adapted from Hardie DG. Genes Dev 25:1895-1908, 2011) [30].
enm-27-109-g002
Table 1
Various drugs and herbal medicines that activates AMP-activated protein kinase
enm-27-109-i001

EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.

Notes

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea Government (MEST) (2012-0000288) (2012).

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