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Khamseh, Yousefzadeh, Banazadeh, and Ghareh: Practical Focus on American Diabetes Association/European Association for the Study of Diabetes Consensus Algorithm in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Timely Insulin Initiation and Titration (Iran-AFECT)
Original Article
Clinical Care/Education

Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 2017; 41(1): 31-37.

Published online: 25 October 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.1.31

Practical Focus on American Diabetes Association/European Association for the Study of Diabetes Consensus Algorithm in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Timely Insulin Initiation and Titration (Iran-AFECT)

Mohammad Ebrahim Khamseh1, Gholamreza Yousefzadeh2, Zahra Banazadeh3, Sahar Ghareh4

1Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

2Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinic Physiology Science and Department of Internal Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.

3Department of Internal Medicine, Lolagar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

4Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Medical Branch, Mashhad, Iran.

Corresponding author: Mohammad Ebrahim Khamseh. Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Firouzeh St., South Vali-Asr Ave., Tehran, Iran. khamseh.m@iums.ac.ir

Received 19 April 2016       Accepted 13 July 2016

Copyright © 2017 Korean Diabetes Association

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of insulin glargine in a large population from a variety of clinical care in Iranian people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to measure the percentage of patients achieving glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) <7% by the end of 24 weeks of treatment in routine clinical practice.

Methods

This study was a 24 week, observational study of patients with T2DM, for whom the physician had decided to initiate or to switch to insulin glargine. The safety and efficacy of glargine were assessed at baseline and at week 24.

Results

Seven hundred and twenty-five people with T2DM (63% female) including both insulin naïve and prior insulin users were recruited in this study. The mean age of the participants was 54.2±11.2 years, and the mean HbA1c level was 8.88%±0.93% at baseline. By the end of the study, 27% of the entire participants reached to HbA1c target of less than 7% and 52% had HbA1c ≤7.5%. No serious adverse event was reported in this study. Furthermore, overall hypoglycemia did not increase in prior insulin users and the entire cohort. In addition, body weight did not change in participants while lipid profile improved significantly.

Conclusion

Treatment with insulin glargine could improve glycemic control without increasing the risk of hypoglycemic events in people with T2DM. In addition, a significant clinical improvement was observed in lipid profile.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, type 2, Hemoglobin A, glycosylated, Insulin glargine

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes is rising globally and its prevalence has doubled over nearly three decades [1]. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), prolonged hyperglycemia is associated with long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications [234]. It has been demonstrated that maintaining tight glycemic control decreases the risks of long-term complications, as well as mortality and morbidity [5678]. However, tight glycemic control is associated with an increased risk of hypoglycemia [89] that often results in poor compliance with treatment and subsequent failure to achieve targeted glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels [10]. Despite the availability of a number of treatment strategies such as proper diets, lifestyle modification, oral glucose lowering drugs, and supplement adjuvants, the majority of patients with T2DM are not currently meeting the recommended treatment goals [51112]. If lifestyle intervention and intensive treatment with oral lowering glucose drugs (OGLDs) fail to achieve the targeted HbA1c levels, basal insulin therapy is recommended [13]. Newer insulin therapies such as different types of insulin analogues trying to simulate the physiologic basal-prandial insulin have changed clinical diabetes care [1415]. Insulin glargine (LANTUS; Sanofi-Aventis, Paris, France) is a basal insulin analogue with no pronounced peak, consistent activity profile [16], and lower risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia compared with neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin in patients with T2DM [2]. It has been shown that insulin glargine can be used to treat to glycemic targets <7.0% in insulin naïve patients [1718]. The aim of this study was, therefore, to broaden the knowledge of the clinical safety and effectiveness of insulin glargine in a large population from a variety of clinical care in Iranian people with T2DM and to measure the percentage of patients achieving HbA1c <7% by the end of 24 weeks of treatment.

METHODS

Study design

This was a 24-week nation-wide, prospective, multicenter, observational study of people with T2DM who had been initiated or switched to insulin glargine in order to evaluate its clinical safety and effectiveness in routine clinical practice. The study was carried out in 70 centers in Iran. Participants were recruited between March 2011 and March 2012. The physician took the independent decision to initiate (or switch) insulin glargine as basal insulin therapy as part of the routine clinical care. Changes to OGLDs at the time of starting insulin glargine, or thereafter, were entirely at the discretion of the advising physician. Verbal and written instructions were provided to the patient on how to perform self-monitoring of blood glucose levels, how to self-titrate insulin glargine, and how to fill in their individual diary.
According to the American Diabetes Association/European Association for the Study of Diabetes Consensus Algorithm, and as part of usual clinical care, the patient had an assessment of HbA1c every 3 months until the target of <7% was reached. Thus, each patient included in this study had an HbA1c determination at baseline (at most 2 months before inclusion), 12 weeks after insulin initiation and at the end of the study (week 24). HbA1c determination was performed in the same laboratory for a given patient. Data were collected from the physicians' clinical notes and participants' recall and self-monitoring diary/meter at each visit, as available. This information was transferred to a standard case report forms.

Participants

Seven hundred and twenty-five people with T2DM, >18 years of age, for whom the physician had decided to initiate or to switch to insulin glargine were included in the study. Subjects had HbA1c >7.0% but <10%. Eligible participants had the diagnosis of T2DM for at least 1 year.
Subjects were excluded for any of the following criteria: pregnant or lactating women, patients already treated with insulin other than insulin NPH, patients treated with OGLDs other than Metformin, Sulfonylurea or Pioglitazone, patients not willing, or not able, to perform self-monitoring blood glucose, patients not willing, or not able, to self-titrate insulin glargine under physician's guidance, patients with any serious underlying illness, including hepatic failure (aspartate aminotransferase test >3 upper limit of normal range), renal failure (creatinine >1.5 mg/dL in males and >1.4 mg/dL in females), psychiatric patients, patients with history of drug or alcohol abuse and patients on chronic treatment with systemic corticosteroids, hospitalized patients, patient who were involved in other clinical trials, patients who were not suitable for close follow-up, and known hypersensitivity to insulin glargine. Ethics Committee Approval was obtained from Iran University of Medical Sciences. All participants signed informed consent from. In addition, they were free to withdraw at any time.

Assessments and outcome measures

The primary objective of this study was to measure the percentage of patients achieving HbA1c <7% by the end of the study (week 24). The efficacy was also assessed as follows: the percentage of patients achieving HbA1c <7%, the changes in HbA1c at week 24 compared to baseline HbA1c, the changes of basal insulin doses at week 24 (average dosage per patient and timing), and the changes in body weight and lipid profile from baseline.
Safety assessment were the changes in the number of hypoglycemic episodes (blood glucose levels of less than 60 mg/dL [3.3 mmol/L]) occurred in preceding 4 weeks prior to enrollment, and during the study, the changes in the number of nocturnal hypoglycemic events and the number of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from baseline to final visit.
Major hypoglycemic events were defined as events with symptoms of hypoglycemia for which subjects required the assistance of another person, and were associated with a blood glucose level below 60 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L) or prompt recovery after oral carbohydrate consumption, intravenous glucose, or glucagon administration. Minor hypoglycemia was any event, where symptoms consistent with hypoglycemia were experienced and either the subjects responded to ingestion of carbohydrate/snack or the episode was associated with a glycemia below 60 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L).

Statistical methods

IBM SPSS version 19 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for the statistical analysis. The data were analyzed anonymously. Based on the assumption that 30% of subjects would have an HbA1c <7% at week 24, it was planned to include a total sample of 659 evaluable patients to measure this rate with a 95% confidence interval of ±3.5%. Assuming a 10% drop-out rate, the total number of subjects to be recruited in the study was at least 725.
Analyses were performed on all patients who finished the study according to prior insulin use. Continuous variables were summarized using number of patients, mean±standard deviation, and discrete variables were summarized using number of patients and percentage. Hypoglycemia were summarized as number of events per patient-year, All statistical tests were two-sided, and a P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. For hypoglycemia change from baseline, the percentage of people reporting at least one event was analyzed using McNemar's test. Change from baseline HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and blood lipids was analyzed using paired sample t-test. The percentage of patients having HbA1c <7.0% at 24 weeks was reported using descriptive statistics.

RESULTS

Study participants

Seven hundred and twenty-three subjects were included in this study. Four hundred and fifty-three (63%) were female. The mean age was 54.2±11.2 years, and the mean duration of diabetes was 9.5±6.3 years. Table 1 shows baseline characteristics of insulin naïve, prior insulin users, and entire participants. Use of OGLDs prior to initiating insulin glargine is also demonstrated in Table 1. Regarding medication, 89.8% of patients were being treated with OGLDs alone, 6.9% were receiving OGLD+insulin therapy, and 3.3% were on insulin only.
With regards to prior insulin treatment, insulin-treated people were the same age as insulin naïve patients and they had similar BMI (27.99 kg/m2 vs. 27.84 kg/m2). Six hundred and thirty-nine patients completed the study. Baseline HbA1c was lower (8.7% vs. 8.9%) in prior insulin users, while diabetes duration was longer (11.2 years vs. 9.4 years).

Insulin dose and metabolic outcomes

Blood glucose improved significantly by week 24. The HbA1c dropped from 8.88%±0.93% at baseline to 7.62%±1.17% in the whole participants. This improvement was also observed in both the insulin naïve and prior insulin users (Table 2). By the end of the study 27% of the entire participants reached to HbA1c target of less than 7% and 52% had HbA1c ≤7.5%.
Total daily insulin dose had been titrated up to 20.32±10.31 U/day at week 24 in people who were insulin naïve. In prior insulin users, the starting insulin dose was 22.98±12.02 U/day titrating up to 30.24±13.65 U/day at week 24.
After initiating insulin in insulin naïve people, metformin was continued in around 86% of people. While 41.4% of people starting insulin glargine continued using sulfonylureas and 64% discontinued thiazolidinedione.
In prior insulin users, metformin was discontinued in about 6% of people, 68.7% continued sulfonylurea while thiazolidinedione was continued in all prior insulin users. The changes in mean body weight were neither statistically nor clinically significant over 24 weeks for the total participants, the insulin-naïve population, and prior insulin users (Table 2).
Total cholesterol level reduced in the whole participants from a mean of 189.96 to 174.98 mg/dL after 24 weeks (P<0.001) (Table 2). A significant reduction was seen in low density lipoprotein cholesterol level in the entire cohort and insulin-naïve people.
Triglyceride levels also dropped from a mean of 187.94 to 160.21 mg/dL in total participants (P<0.001). Results were similar for the insulin-naïve people and prior insulin users. Furthermore, there was a small increase in high density lipo-protein cholesterol levels during the study in the entire population and insulin-naïve people.

Hypoglycemia

The reported rate of overall hypoglycemic episodes did not differ significantly between baseline and week 24 in the entire cohort and prior insulin users while it was statistically different in the insulin naïve people (Table 2). In the whole participants reported rates of overall hypoglycemia increased from 0.08 to 0.12 events/person-year, with no statistical difference in the proportion of people having an event. In the prior insulin users, the reported rate of hypoglycemia decreased from 0.16 to 0.13 events/person-year by the end of the study, but it was not statistically significant (P=0.99). In Insulin naïve patients, this number increased from 0.06 to 0.09 events/person-year (P=0.03). The rates of minor, nocturnal, and major hypoglycemic events remained clinically and statistically unchanged in the entire participants (Table 2).

Adverse drug reactions and adverse events

During the study, 99 ADRs were reported. Of these, three people suffered a serious ADR due to major hypoglycemic event; the rest was due to minor and nocturnal hypoglycemic events.

DISCUSSION

The Iran Affect Study was a 24-week, nation-wide, observational study in patients with T2DM, conducted to measure the percentage of patients achieving HbA1c <7% at the end of 6 months period using insulin glargine in routine clinical practice in Iran. The safety and efficacy of insulin glargine were also assessed at baseline and at week 24. The results achieved in this study showed that initiating or switching insulin glargine was safe and effective with marked improvements in metabolic control (as measured by glucose and lipid profile); these results are consistent with previous studies [192021]. These findings reflect the beneficial effects of receiving insulin glargine as good glycemic control is associated with a reduced risk of chronic micro and macrovascular complications [818] as well as decreasing overall mortality and morbidity [1722]. In addition, changes in body weight were neither statistically nor clinically significant. This result is in concordance with the findings in randomized clinical trials [251423]. The neutral effect of glargine on body weight in this study may be due to increased self-care behaviors, improvement in lifestyle and nutritional status of the participants [24] suggesting that insulin glargine may be more beneficial in treating obese patients with T2DM [25].
Treatment with insulin glargine leads to a reduction of HbA1c to 7.62% after 24 weeks of treatment. In addition, FPG decreased significantly from baseline. Notably, the large reduction in the HbA1c and FPG levels following 24 weeks of use of insulin glargine was associated with a low incidence of reported serious ADRs and hypoglycemia. We found no increase in the reported rate of minor, major, and nocturnal hypoglycemic episodes due to the fact that insulin glargine as a basal insulin analogue has consistent daily activity profile with no pronounced peak and low risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia [26]. It also typically shows a gentle rise and fall in glucose-lowering action over time with reduced variability [27] that mimics normal physiologic insulin concentrations [28].
We also observed improvement in lipid profile in people with T2DM. Although it might be due to better glucose control with insulin glargine, changing concomitant medications, dietary intake and lifestyle are some other factor that can affect the lipid profile which were not controlled in this study.
As this was an observational study, there were some other limitations; the circumstances under which participants came under the care of the investigators were not known due to the nature of the study and there were not control group and standard treatment protocol.
In routine clinical practice, treatment with insulin glargine was effective and safe in Iranian people with T2DM. This improvement in metabolic control was observed in insulin naïve as well as prior insulin users. As diabetes and dyslipidemia significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, improving metabolic outcomes might be effective on reducing diabetes chronic complications and subsequent morbidity and mortality.

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Baseline characteristics for the entire cohort and by pre-study therapy

dmj-41-31-i001
Characteristic Insulin naïve Prior insulin users Entire participants
Number 643 (89) 74 (10) 723 (100)
Sex, male/female 240/398 (38/62) 19/55 (26/74) 259/453 (37/63)
Age, yr 54.33±11.22 54.47±11.04 54.29±11.25
Body weight, kg 74.13±13.84 71.56±13.94 73.79±13.91
BMI, kg/m2 27.99±4.90 27.84±5.27 27.95±4.94
Diabetes duration, yr 9.41±6.22 11.19±6.91 9.59±6.31
HbA1c, % 8.91±0.92 8.75±0.98 8.89±0.93
Chronic complications
 Coronary artery disease 99 (15.4) 13 (17.6) 112 (15.4)
 Retinopathy 78 (12.1) 20 (27) 98 (13.5)
 Nephropathy 68 (10.6) 17 (22.9) 85 (12)
 Neuropathy 158 (24.6) 25 (33.8) 183 (25.5)
Prior OGLDs
 Metformin 589 (93) 46 (7) 635 (88.2)
 Sulfonylureas 495 (97) 16 (3) 511 (71)
 Thiazolidinediones 105 (98) 2 (2) 107 (14.9)
 One/two/>two 155/394/82 37/12/1 192/6/83

Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.

BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; OGLD, oral lowering glucose drug.

Table 2

Glucose control and body weight for the entire participants and by pre-study therapy at baseline and after 24 weeks of insulin glargine therapy

dmj-41-31-i002
Variable Insulin naïve Prior insulin users Entire participants
Baseline 24 Weeks Baseline 24 Weeks Baseline 24 Weeks
HbA1c, %
 Number 573 59 632
 Baseline/24 weeks 8.90±0.92 7.62±1.17 8.69±0.99 7.66±1.15 8.88±0.93 7.62±1.17
 P value 0.00 0.00 0.00
FPG, mg/dL
 Number 579 60 639
 Baseline/24 weeks 209.12±62.98 132.42±45.98 201.05±89.54 129.48±49.12 208.37±65.88 132.15±46.26
 P value 0.00 0.00 0.00
Weight, kg
 Number 526 51 577
 Baseline/24 weeks 73.95±14.03 74.27±13.22 71.51±13.39 71.63±11.89 73.73±13.98 74.04±13.12
 P value 0.14 0.84 0.14
Triglycerides, mg/dL
 Number 575 60 635
 Baseline/24 weeks 188.51±96.38 160.22±75.36 182.38±92.26 160.50±66.05 187.94±95.95 160.21±74.48
 P value 0.00 0.05 0.00
Total cholesterol, mg/dL
 Number 574 58 632
 Baseline/24 weeks 188.96±45.29 173.92±38.93 199.84±55.05 185.48±37.37 189.96±46.33 174.98±38.90
 P value 0.00 0.02 0.00
HDL-C, mg/dL
 Number 569 58 627
 Baseline/24 weeks 43.20±11.98 45.03±19.87 45.19±11.45 46.65±9.36 43.38±11.95 45.18±19.15
 P value 0.04 0.31 0.03
LDL-C, mg/dL
 Number 565 59 624
 Baseline/24 weeks 107.14±41.83 99.49±45.04 112.34±42.82 104.41±25.90 107.63±41.92 99.95±43.61
 P value 0.001 0.1 0.00
Hypoglycemia (event per person-year/rate)
 Overall
  Baseline/24 weeks 0.07/0.05 0.12/0.12 0.16/0.09 0.13/0.11 0.08/0.05 0.12/0.11
  P valuea 0.03 0.99 0.06
 Minor
  Baseline/24 weeks 0.06/0.04 0.09/0.09 0.11/0.07 0.11/0.11 0.07/0.05 0.09/0.09
  P value 0.24 1 0.28
 Nocturnal
  Baseline/24 weeks 0/0 0.02/0.02 0.03/0.01 0/0 0.003/0.001 0.02/0.02
  P value - - 0.12
 Major
  Baseline/24 weeks 0.003/0.005 0.009/0.009 0.03/0.01 0.03/0 0.005/0.005 0.008/0.008
  P value 0.99 1 0.99

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.

aP value is for difference in percent of people with at least one event (McNemar).

Notes

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST This project was sponsored by Sanofi-Iran.

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Mohammad Ebrahim Khamseh
https://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4313-8440

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