Abstract
Figures and Tables
Table 1
Author | Subject, n | Male sex, % | Age, yr | BMI | Medication, n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baldi et al. (2003) [20]a |
C, 9 PRT, 9 |
100 |
C, 50.1±3.9 PRT, 46.5±6.3 |
C, 36.4±9.3 PRT, 34.3±9.6 |
Biguanides, 11 Sulfonylureas, 7 |
Boudou et al. (2003) [21] |
C, 8 AEx, 8 |
100 |
C, 47.9±8.4 AEx, 42.9±5.2 |
C, 30.9±5.2 AEx, 28.3±3.9 |
C: Metformin, 4 Metformin and gliclazide or glibenclamide, 1 AEx: Metformin, 2 Metformin and gliclazide or glibenclamide, 4 |
Cuff et al. (2003) [19]a |
C, 9 AEx, 9 AEx+PRT, 10 |
0 |
C, 60.0±8.7 AEx, 59.4±5.7 AEx+PRT, 63.4±7.0 |
C, 36.7±6.0 AEx, 32.5±4.2 AEx+PRT, 33.3±4.7 |
Oral hypoglycaemics |
Dunstan et al. (1997) [17] |
C, 12 AEx, 11 F, 12 AEx+F, 14 |
C, 75 AEx, 72.7 F, 83.3 AEx+F, 71.4 |
C, 53.0±7.0 AEx, 52.3±8.3 F, 54.1±8.2 AEx+F, 52.6±7.2 |
C, 29.7±4.3 AEx, 29.1±2.4 F, 29.8±4.4 AEx+F, 29.9±3.0 |
Antidiabetic and antihyperten- sive medication |
Dunstan et al. (1998) [22]a |
C, 10 PRT, 11 |
C, 50 PRT, 72.7 |
C, 51.1±7.0 PRT, 50.3±6.6 |
C, 30.1±3.5 PRT, 28.3±2.7 |
Sulfonylureas, 4 Biguanides, 5 Sulfonylureas+biguanides, 10 |
Karstoft et al. (2013) [24]a |
C, 8 AEx, Continuous, 12 Intermittent, 12 |
C, 62.5 AEx, Continuous, 66.7 Intermittent, 58.3 |
C, 57.1±8.5 AEx, Continuous, 60.8±7.6 Intermittent, 57.5±8.3 |
C, 29.7±5.4 AEx, Continuous, 29.9±5.5 Intermittent, 29.0±4.5 |
Antidiabetic and antihypertensive medication (abstained for 5 days prior to pre-/post-testing) |
Ligtenberg et al. (1997) [28] |
C, 28 AEx, 30 |
C, 35.7 AEx, 33.3 |
C, 61.0±5.0 AEx, 63.0±5.0 |
C, 31.2±3.3 AEx, 30.8±4.0 |
Oral hypoglycaemics and insulin |
Middlebrooke et al. (2006) [29] |
C, 30 AEx, 22 |
At initial recruitment overall, 54.2 |
C, 64.6±6.8 AEx, 61.8±7.7 |
C, 29.9±5.4 AEx, 31.8±4.5 |
Oral hypoglycaemics |
Mourier et al. (1997) [30]a |
C, 11 AEx, 10 |
At initial recruitment overall, 83.3 |
C, 46.0±10.0 AEx, 45.0±6.3 |
C, 30.1±5.3 AEx, 30.4±2.5 |
Metformin, 14; Sulfonylurea, 3 |
Okada et al. (2010) [23] |
C, 17 AEx+PRT, 21 |
C, 64.7 AEx, 47.6 |
C, 64.5±5.9 AEx, 61.9±8.6 |
C, 24.5±2.9 AEx, 25.7±3.2 |
Study reported both groups received comparable medical intervention after registration for 3 months |
Ronnemaa et al. (1986) [31] |
C, 12 AEx, 13 |
At recruitment, 66.7 | At recruitment overall, 52.5 (NR) | NR |
Sulfonylureas, 18 Metformin+sulfonylureas, 10 |
Tamura et al. (2005) [18]a |
D, 7 AEx+D, 7 |
D, 57.1 AEx+D, 42.8 |
D, 55.0±12.7 AEx+D, 46.3±7.4 |
D, 27.4±8.5 AEx+D, 27.1±7.7 |
D: Sulfonylureas, 3 Metformin+sulfonylureas, 2 α-Glucosidase inhibitor, 2 D+AEx: Sulfonylureas, 3 Metformin+sulfonylureas, 3 α-Glucosidase inhibitor, 1 |
Tan et al. (2012) [25] |
C, 10 AEx+PRT, 15 |
At recruitment: C, 45.5 AEx+PRT, 44.4 |
C, 64.8±6.8 AEx+PRT, 65.9±4.2 |
C, 25.8±2.5 AEx+PRT, 25.2±2.5 |
Oral hypoglycaemics |
Tessier et al. (2000) [26] |
C, 20 AEx+PRT, 19 |
C, 55.0 AEx+PRT, 63.2 |
C, 69.5±5.1 AEx+PRT, 69.3±4.2 |
C, 29.4±3.7 AEx+PRT, 30.7±5.4 |
Glyburide: C, 12 AEx+PRT, 10 Metformin: C, 15 AEx, 14 |
Wing et al. (1988) [32] |
Include study 1: P+D, 12 AEx+D, 10 |
At recruitment: Study 1, 16.0 |
Study 1: P+D, 52.5±8.9 AEx+D, 56.2±7.5 |
Study 1: D+P, 37.2±1.8 AEx+D, 39.5±1.9 |
Study 1: P+D, oral hypogylcaemics, 6 AEx+D, oral hypoglycaemics, 6 |
Winnick et al. (2008) [27] |
D, 9 AEx+D, 9 |
D, 33.3 AEx+D, 22.2 |
D, 50.9±3.2 AEx+D, 48.4±8.4 |
D, 32.0±5.3 AEx+D, 34.9±3.1 |
At the outset of the study, all participants discontinued diabetic related medication |
Table 2
Author | Mode | Nutritional intervention | Frequency | Intensity | Session duration | Intervention duration |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baldi et al. (2003) [20]a |
C: non exercising control PRT: circuit targeting major muscle groups of the upper and lower body |
Nil |
C: NA PRT: 3/7 (supervised) |
C: NA PRT: 10 RM upper body, 15 RM lower body exercises |
C: NA PRT: progressing from one to three sessions/week; multiple sets of 12 reps for 10 exercises (60 seconds recovery between sets) |
10 weeks |
Boudou et al. (2003) [21] |
C: sham intervention (cycle ergometer) AEx (continuous and HIIT): NR |
Nil |
C: 1/7 (supervised) AEx: 2/7+1/7, respectively (supervised) |
C: 30 W (60 rpm) AEx: Continuous: 75% VO2peak HIIT: 50%–85% VO2peak |
C: 20 minutes AEx: Continuous: 45 minutes HIIT: 5×2 minutes at 85% VO2peak, 3 minutes at 50% VO2peak between exercises |
8 weeks |
Cuff et al. (2003) [19]a |
C: usual care AEx (continuous): treadmill, stationary cycle ergometers, recumbent steppers, elliptical trainers, and rower ergometer AEx (continuous)+PRT: AEx–treadmills: stationary cycle ergometers, recumbent steppers, elliptical trainers, rowing machines |
Nil |
C: usual care AEx: 3/7 (supervised) AEx+PRT: 3/7 (supervised) |
C: NA AEx: 60%–75% HRR AEx+PRT: AEx: 60%–75% HRR PRT: 2×12 reps |
C: NA AEx: 75 minutes AEx+PRT: 75 minutes |
16 weeks |
AEx–PRT: stack weight equipment: leg press, leg curl, hip extension, chest press, and latissimus pulldown | ||||||
Dunstan et al. (1997) [17] |
C: sham exercise (cycle ergometer and stretches) AEx (continuous): cycle ergometer F: sham exercise. Cycle ergometer and stretches AEx (continuous)+F: cycle ergometer |
All participants were advised to reduce their sodium intake <100 mmol/day Fish intake groups were instructed to include one fish meal per day |
C: 3/7 (supervised) AEx: 3/7 (supervised) F: 3/7 (supervised) AEx+F: 3/7 (supervised) |
C: Nil AEx: Week 1: 50%–55% VO2peak Week 2–8: 55%–65% VO2peak F: no workload AEx+F: Week 1: 50%–55% VO2peak Week 2–8: 55%–65% VO2peak |
C: 10 minutes cycling; 30 minutes of stretching AEx: 40 minutes F: 10 minutes cycling; 30 minutes of stretching AEx+F: 40 minutes |
8 weeks |
Dunstan et al. (1998) [22]a |
C: non-exercising PRT: circuit including leg extension, bench press, leg curl, bicep curls, overhead press, seated row, forearm extension, and abdominal curls |
Nil |
C: NA PRT: 3/7 (supervision NR) |
C: NA PRT: 50%–55% 1 RM |
C: NA PRT: 60 minutes |
8 weeks |
Karstoft et al. (2013) [24]a |
C: NR AEx: Continuous: walking Intermittent: walking |
Nil |
C: NA AEx: Continuous: 5/7 (unsupervised) Intermittent: 5/7 (unsupervised) |
C: NA AEx: Continuous: 55% of peak energy-expenditure rate Intermittent: 55%–70% of peak energy-expenditure rate |
C: NA AEx: Continuous: 60 minutes Intermittent: 60 minutes (3 minutes at 70% followed by 3 minutes at 55% of peak energy-expenditure rate) |
4 months |
Ligtenberg et al. (1997) [28] |
C: education program AEx (continuous): Phase 1: cycle ergometer, swimming, treadmill, and rower ergometer Phase 2: exercise at home based on personalised training advice (with contact from investigators) Phase 3: exercise at home without contact from investigators |
Nil |
C: NR AEx: Phase 1: 3/7 supervised for 6 weeks Phase 2: phone calls 1/14 for 6 weeks. NR frequency of exercise Phase 3: NR |
C: NR AEx: Phase 1: 60%–80% VO2peak Phase 2: NR Phase 3: NR |
C: NR AEx: Phase 1: 60 minutes Phase 2: NR Phase 3: NR |
26 weeks |
Middlebrooke et al. (2006) [29] |
C: standard care AEx (continuous): NR |
Nil |
C: NA AEx: 3/7 (2/7 supervised; 1/7 unsupervised) |
C: NA AEx: 70%–80% HRmax |
C: NA AEx: 50–60 minutes |
6 months |
Mourier et al. (1997) [30]a |
C: NR AEx (continuous and HIIT): cycle ergometer |
Branched chain amino acid supplementation (46% leucine, 24% isoleucine, 30% valine) Supplementation did not effect metabolic parameters |
C: NA AEx: 2/7 continuous+1/7 HIIT |
C: NA AEx: Continuous: 75% VO2peak HIIT: 50%–85% VO2peak |
C: NA AEx: 55 minutes HIIT: Continuous: 35 minutes (52 minutes at 85%) HIIT: VO2peak followed by 2 minutes at 50% VO2peak |
8 weeks |
Okada et al. (2010) [23] |
C: NR AEx (continuous)+PRT: AEx: aerobic dance, and stationary cycle ergometer PRT: NR |
Nil |
C: NA AEx+PRT: 3–5/7 (supervised) |
C: NA AEx+PRT: NR |
C: NA AEx+PRT: AEx: 55 minutes PRT: 20 minutes Overall: 75 minutes |
3 months |
Ronnemaa et al. (1986) [31] |
C: NA AEx: walking, jogging, or skiing |
Nil |
C: NA AEx: 5–7/7 |
C: NA AEx: 70% VO2peak |
C: NA AEx: 45 minutes |
4 months |
Tamura et al. (2005) [18]a |
D: Nil AEx (continuous)+D: walking |
Total mean energy intake of 27.9 kcal/kg of ideal body weight for both groups for 2 weeks |
D: NA AEx+D: 2–3/7 (unsupervised) |
D: NA AEx+D: 50%–60% VO2peak |
D: NA AEx+D: 30 minutes per session |
2 weeks |
Tan et al. (2012) [25] |
C: maintain individual habits of physical activity AEx (continuous)+PRT: AEx: walking, running PRT: knee flexion, knee extension, hip abduction, hip adduction, and standing calf raise |
Nil |
C: NA AEx+PRT: 3/7 (supervised) |
C: NA AEx+PRT: AEx: 55%–70% HRmax PRT: 50%–70% 1 RM |
C: NA AEx+PRT: 60 minutes |
6 months |
Tessier et al. (2000) [26] |
C: NR AEx (continuous) +PRT: AEx: walking PRT: strength/endurance training of major muscle groups |
Nil |
C: NA AEx+PRT: 3/7 (supervised) |
C: NA AEx+PRT: Initially: 35%–59% HRmax Week 4 onwards: 60%–79% HRmax |
C: NA AEx+PRT: 60 minutes |
16 weeks |
Wing et al. (1988) [32] |
P+D: sham exercise (light calisthenics and flexibility exercises) AEx+D: walking |
Diet was designed to produce approximately 1 kg/week weight loss |
P+D: 2/7 (unsupervised) AEx+D: 2/7 (unsupervised) |
P+D: low intensity AEx+D: moderate intensity (speed and distance increased until the individual able to walk 3 miles) |
~60 minutes | 10 weeks |
Winnick et al. (2008) [27] |
D: NA AEx (continuous)+D: treadmill walking |
Diet designed to maintain body weight close to baseline body weight |
D: NA AEx+D: 7/7 |
D: NA AEx+D: Days 1–3, 5–7: 70% VO2peak Day 4: 60% predicted HRmax |
D: NA AEx+D: 2×25 minutes, 10 minutes break between bouts Day 4: 60 minutes |
1 week |
C, control; PRT, progressive resistance training; NA, not applicable; RM, repetition maximum; HIIT, high intensity interval training; NR, not reported; AEx, aerobic training; VO2peak, peak oxygen consumption; HRR, heart rate reserve; F, fish meal; D, diet; HRmax, maximal heart rate; P, placebo.
aConverted from standard error of mean to standard deviation.
Table 3
Author | Mode, n | Measure | Time post-intervention, hr | Pre, mean±SD | Post, mean±SD | Change score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baldi et al. (2003) [20]a |
C, 9 PRT, 9 |
OGTT | 36–48 |
2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 16.3±2.7 PRT, 17.0±3.0 |
2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 17.1±2.4 PRT, 16.3±2.1 |
NR |
Boudou et al. (2003) [21] |
C, 8 AEx, 8 |
ITT | 72–120 |
Constant rate of glucose disappearance (%/min): C, 1.95±1.00 AEx, 2.15±0.65 |
Constant rate of glucose disappearance (%/min): C, 1.80±0.90 AEx, 3.25±0.85 |
NR |
Cuff et al. (2003) [19]a |
C, 9 AEx, 9 AEx+PRT, 10 |
Clamp | 48–72 |
Glucose infusion rate (mg · kg–1 · min–1): C, 2.29±1.38 AEx, 2.78±1.47 AEx+PRT, 2.36±1.04 |
Glucose infusion rate (mg · kg–1 · min–1): C, NR AEx, NR AEx+PRT, NR |
Glucose infusion rate (mg · kg–1 · min–1): C, 0.07±0.84 AEx, 0.55±1.08 AEx+PRT, 1.82±1.64 |
Dunstan et al. (1997) [17]b |
C, 12 AEx, 11 F, 12 AEx+F, 14 |
OGTT | >48 |
AUC glucose (mmol/L–1·120 min–1): C, 1,810±340 AEx, 1,916±480 F, 1,787±465 AEx+F, 2,004±500 |
NR |
AUC glucose (mmol/L–1·120 min–1): C, 50±48.5 AEx, –112.5±65.0 F, 87.5±87.5 F+AEx, –87.5±75.0 |
Dunstan et al. (1998) [22]a |
C, 10 PRT, 11 |
OGTT | >48 | NR | NR |
AUC glucose (mmol/L–1 · 120 min–1): C, 191±265 PRT, –22±205 |
Karstoft et al. (2013) [24]a |
C, 8 AEx: Continuous, 12 Intermittent, 12 |
OGTT | ≈96 |
2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 14.7±3.96 AEx: Continuous, 14.8±3.46 Intermittent, 16.5±3.12 |
2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 15.7±3.96 AEx: Continuous, 15.0±4.85 Intermittent, 15.4±4.50 |
NR |
Ligtenberg et al. (1997) [28] |
C, 28 AEx, 30 |
ITT | <72 |
Glucose decline between 4–14 minutes (%·min-1): C, 1.5±1 AEx, 1.8±1.3 |
Glucose decline between 4–14 minutes (%·min-1): C, 1.8±1.1 AEx, 1.8±1.2 |
NR |
Middlebrooke et al. (2006) [29] |
C, 30 AEx, 22 |
ITT | ≥24 |
ITT slope (mmol/L–1 · min–1): C, –0.17±0.06 AEx, –0.16±0.10 |
ITT slope (mmol/L–1 · min–1): C, –0.17±0.06 AEx, –0.17±0.07 |
NR |
Mourier et al. (1997) [30]a |
C, 11 AEx, 10 |
ITT | 72–120 |
Constant rate of glucose disappearance (%·min-1): C, 1.86±0.96 AEx, 2.28±0.73 |
Constant rate of glucose disappearance (%·min-1): C, 1.81±0.90 AEx, 3.34±0.95 |
NR |
Okada et al. (2010) [23] |
C, 17 AEx+PRT, 21 |
SSPG | NR |
SSPG (mmol/L): C, 14.1±3.4 AEx+PRT, 11.1±5.3 |
SSPG (mmol/L): C, 9.7±4.6 AEx+PRT: 9.7±4.2 |
NR |
Ronnemaa et al. (1986) [31] |
C, 12 AEx, 13 |
OGTT | NR |
2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 19.6±4.1 AEx, 19.7±4.9 |
2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 19.7±2.7 AEx, 16.5±7.6 |
NR |
Tamura et al. (2005) [18]a |
D, 7 AEx+D, 7 |
Clamp | >24 |
Steady-state glucose infusion rate (mg/kg/min): D, 6.12±2.46 AEx+D, 5.26±0.87 |
Steady-state glucose infusion rate (mg/kg/min): C, 6.49±0.87 AEx+D, 8.22±1.24 |
NR |
Tan et al. (2012) [25] |
C, 10 AEx+PRT, 15 |
OGTT | 72 |
2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 11.11±5.26 AEx+PRT, 13.9±5.8 |
2-Hour glucose (mmol/L): C, 10.58±4.41 AEx+PRT, 9.83±4.33 |
NR |
Tessier et al. (2000) [26] |
C, 20 AEx+PRT, 19 |
OGTT | NR |
AUC glucose (mmol/L): C, 16.1±2.9 AEx+PRT, 16.6±3.8 |
AUC glucose (mmol/L): C, 15.9±3.0 AEx+PRT, 15.3±3.1 |
NR |
Wing et al. (1988) [32] |
P+D, 12 AEx+D, 10 |
OGTT | 72 |
Plasma glucose: 60 minutes (mmol/L): P+D, 14.6±0.9 AEx+D, 14.3±1.2 |
Plasma glucose: 60 minutes (mmol/L): P+D, 11.3±1.2 AEx+D, 10.9±1.3 |
NR |
Winnick et al. (2008) [27] |
D, 9 AEx+D, 9 |
Clamp | <24 |
Glucose levels (mg/dL): D: 137.0±3.0 (low-dose); 135.0±3.0 (high-dose) AEx+D: 131.0±3.0 (low-dose); 123.0±3.0 (high-dose) |
Glucose levels (mg/dL): D: 131.0±3.0 (low-dose); 119.0±3.0 (high-dose) AEx+D: 129.0±3.0 (low-dose); 124.0±3.0 (high-dose) |
NR |
SD, standard deviation; C, control; PRT, progressive resistance training; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; NR, not reported; AEx, aerobic training; ITT, insulin tolerance test; F, fish meal; AUC, area under the curve; SSPG, steady state plasma glucose; D, diet; P, placebo.
aConverted from standard error of mean to standard deviation, bData has been extrapolated from a graph.