Clinical Significance of Toll-Like Receptor and Toll-Like Receptor Blocker

Jae Young Choi; Phil Hyun Song; Young Hwii Ko

doi:10.14777/uti.2016.11.1.1

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Choi, Song, and Ko: Clinical Significance of Toll-Like Receptor and Toll-Like Receptor Blocker

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Urogenit Tract Infect 2016;11(1):1-6.

Published online: 20 April 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14777/uti.2016.11.1.1

Clinical Significance of Toll-Like Receptor and Toll-Like Receptor Blocker

Jae Young Choi, Phil Hyun Song, Young Hwii Ko

Department of Urology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea

Correspondence to: Young Hwii Ko http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9150-4292 Department of Urology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Korea Tel: +82-53-620-3694, Fax: +82-53-627-5535 E-mail: urokyh@naver.com

Received 9 March 2016 Revised 2 April 2016 Accepted 2 April 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

The mammalian Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, consisting of 13 members, plays an important role in innate recognition of specific patterns of microbial products. TLR-dependent recognition subsequently causes an activation of antigen-specific adaptive immunity. TLR-mediated signaling pathways consist of two pathways that induce gene expression: the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathway and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor-domain containing adaptor protein-inducing interferon--dependent pathway. Synthetic TLR agonists, as well as TLR antagonists, affect and manipulate the host defense systems, and some of these immunomodulating agents may help to overcome intrinsic disturbances of the TLR system to offer new treatment options in urinary tract infection (UTI). Future studies are necessary to clarify additional associations between TLRs and severity of UTI, which may help in developing new treatment options.

Keywords: Toll-like receptors, Immunity, Urinary tract infections

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Table 1.

Toll-like receptors and their ligands

TLR	Ligands
TLR1	Triacyl lipopeptides
TLR2	Peptidoglycan Lipopeptides, lipoteichoic acid, lipoarabinomannan, GPI anchors, phenol-soluble modulin, zymosan, glycolipids
TLR3	dsRNA
TLR4	LPS, Taxol, RSV fusion protein, MMTV envelope protein, endogenous ligand (HSPs, fibronectin, hyaluronic acid)
TLR5	Flagellin
TLR6	Diacyl lipopeptides
TLR7	ssRNA, imidazoquinolines
TLR8	ssRNA, imidazoquinolines (only in humans)
TLR9	CpG DNA
TLR10	Unknown
TLR11	Profilin, flagellin
TLR12	Profilin
TLR13	Bacterial 23S ribosomal RNA

TLR: Toll-like receptor, GPI: glycosylphosphatidylinositol, ds: double-stranded, LPS: lipopolysaccharide, RSV: respiratory syncytial virus, MMTV: mouse mammary tumor virus, HSPs: heat shock proteins, ss: single-stranded, CpG: cytosine-guanosine.

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