Analysis of Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors to Neurosurgical Patients with Clostridium Difficile-Associated Diarrhea

doi:10.13004/jknts.2011.7.2.92

Journal List > J Korean Neurotraumatol Soc > v.7(2) > 1084107


J Korean Neurotraumatol Soc. 2011 Oct;7(2):92-98. Korean. Published online October 31, 2011. https://doi.org/10.13004/jknts.2011.7.2.92
Copyright © 2011 Korean Neurotraumatology Society


Analysis of Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors to Neurosurgical Patients with Clostridium Difficile-Associated Diarrhea
Yong-Sang Kim, MD, Hong-Jun Jeon, MD, Su-A Nam, SN, Byung Moon Cho, MD, Se-Hyuck Park, MD and Se Moon Oh, MD
Department of Neurosurgery, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
Address for correspondence: Byung Moon Cho, MD. Department of Neurosurgery, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, 150 Seongnae-gil, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 134-701, Korea. Tel: +82-2-2224-2236, Fax: +82-2-473-7387, Email: nschbm@hanmail.net

Received August 22, 2011; Revised September 15, 2011; Accepted September 15, 2011.

Abstract
Objective The risk factors of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) are well known in medical part. However, there have been a few studies of CDAD about neurosurgical patients. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical characteristics and risk factors of neurosurgical patients with CDAD. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the record of eighty-five patients with CDAD between January 2007 and December 2010. They made a diagnosis that used a toxin assay, stool culture and sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. We analyzed the association factor such as age, gender, operation, enteral feeding, length of Intensive Care Unit stay, prophylactic antibiotics, duration and number of antibiotics, types of antibiotics, diarrhea onset time, toxin assay, serum albumin, C-reactive protein, pseudomembranous colitis, recurrence rates between the neurologically impaired group and well-active group. Results Of 15 parameters, 6 parameters were significantly associated with neurologically impaired group in univariate analysis. The enteral feeding and bed ridden state (p<0.001) frequently had practiced and the intensive care unit stay had longer (p=0.001) and the diarrhea onset time (p=0.034) from the last antibiotics use administered prior to development of the CDAD was lesser. The pseudomembranous colitis and CDAD recurrence had more appeared in impaired group (p<0.001). On multivariate analysis, longer intensive care unit stay (p=0.024) and increasing cumulative days of antibiotic administration (p=0.007) correlated with pseudomembranous colitis. Conclusion The data suggest that it may make a vulnerable influence to development of the CDAD in neurologically impaired patients. To prevent the CDAD, we need to practice stricter guidelines about antibiotic usage and minimize length of stay in ICU.


Keywords: Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea; Antibiotics; Pseudomembranous colitis; Neurosurgery

Figures


	FIGURE 1 Descending colon covered with yellowish pseudo-membrane on sigmoidoscopy (A) and CT scan of the abdomen (B) showing gross thickening of the large bowel wall and obliteration of the lumen.
	Click for larger image


	FIGURE 2 Clinical response of Clostridium difficile-associated colitis (CDAD) to use antibiotics.
	Click for larger image

Tables


	TABLE 1 Comparisons of clinical characteristics between neurologically impaired and well active group
	Click for larger image


	TABLE 2 Comparisons of laboratory data between neurologically impaired and well active group
	Click for larger image


	TABLE 3 Use of antibiotics between neurologically impaired and well active group
	Click for larger image


	TABLE 4 Univariate analysis of risk factors for pseudomembranous colitis among the Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
	Click for larger image


	TABLE 5 Multivariate regression analysis of risk factors for pseudomembranous colitis among the Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
	Click for larger image

Notes

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

References


1.	Barbut F, Petit JC. [Epidemiology, risk factors and prevention of Clostridium difficile nosocomial infections]. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2000;48:745–755.

2.	Bartlett JG. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:573–581.

3.	Bulstrode NW, Bradbury AW, Barrett S, Stansby G, Mansfield AO, Nicolaides AN, et al. Clostridium difficile colitis after aortic surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1997;14:217–220.

4.	Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, Kelly CP, Loo VG, McDonald LC, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31:431–455.

5.	Crabtree T, Aitchison D, Meyers BF, Tymkew H, Smith JR, Guthrie TJ, et al. Clostridium difficile in cardiac surgery: risk factors and impact on postoperative outcome. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;83:1396–1402.

6.	Frost F, Hurley JS, Petersen HV, Casciano RN. Estimated incidence of Clostridium difficile infection. Emerg Infect Dis 1999;5:303–304.

7.	Gerding DN, Johnson S. In: Harrison's principles of internal medicine. ed 16. McGraw-Hill; 2005. pp. 760-762.

8.	Gerding DN, Johnson S, Peterson LR, Mulligan ME, Silva J Jr. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:459–477.

9.	Hashimoto M, Sugawara Y, Tamura S, Kaneko J, Matsui Y, Togashi J, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea after living donor liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:2072–2076.

*10.*	Hirschhorn LR, Trnka Y, Onderdonk A, Lee ML, Platt R. Epidemiology of community-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. J Infect Dis 1994;169:127–133.

*11.*	Hookman P, Barkin JS. Clostridium difficile associated infection, diarrhea and colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:1554–1580.

*12.*	Johnson S, Kent SA, O'Leary KJ, Merrigan MM, Sambol SP, Peterson LR, et al. Fatal pseudomembranous colitis associated with a variant clostridium difficile strain not detected by toxin A immunoassay. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:434–438.

*13.*	Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly CP. Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Lancet 2001;357:189–193.

*14.*	Larson HE, Price AB, Honour P, Borriello SP. Clostridium difficile and the aetiology of pseudomembranous colitis. Lancet 1978;1:1063–1066.

*15.*	Lee KS, Shin WG, Jang MK, Kim HS, Kim HS, Park CJ, et al. Who are susceptible to pseudomembranous colitis among patients with presumed antibiotic-associated diarrhea? Dis Colon Rectum 2006;49:1552–1558.

*16.*	Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA, Oughton M, Libman MD, Michaud S, et al. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2442–2449.

*17.*	Lyerly DM, Krivan HC, Wilkins TD. Clostridium difficile: its disease and toxins. Clin Microbiol Rev 1988;1:1–18.

*18.*	McFarland LV, Mulligan ME, Kwok RY, Stamm WE. Nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection. N Engl J Med 1989;320:204–210.

*19.*	Morris AM, Jobe BA, Stoney M, Sheppard BC, Deveney CW, Deveney KE. Clostridium difficile colitis: an increasingly aggressive iatrogenic disease? Arch Surg 2002;137:1096–1100.

*20.*	Oldfield EC 3rd. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: risk factors, diagnostic methods, and treatment. Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2004;4:186–195.

*21.*	Owens RC Jr, Donskey CJ, Gaynes RP, Loo VG, Muto CA. Antimicrobial-associated risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46 Suppl 1:S19–S31.

*22.*	Park BS, Kim JH, Seo HI, Kim HS, Kim DH, Cho HJ, et al. Pseudomembranous colitis after gastrointestinal operation. J Korean Surg Soc 2009;77:106–112.

*23.*	Pépin J, Valiquette L, Alary ME, Villemure P, Pelletier A, Forget K, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. CMAJ 2004;171:466–472.

*24.*	Pépin J, Valiquette L, Cossette B. Mortality attributable to nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated disease during an epidemic caused by a hypervirulent strain in Quebec. CMAJ 2005;173:1037–1042.

*25.*	Price AB, Davies DR. Pseudomembranous colitis. J Clin Pathol 1977;30:1–12.

*26.*	Shim JK, Johnson S, Samore MH, Bliss DZ, Gerding DN. Primary symptomless colonisation by Clostridium difficile and decreased risk of subsequent diarrhoea. Lancet 1998;351:633–636.

*27.*	Warny M, Vaerman JP, Avesani V, Delmée M. Human antibody response to Clostridium difficile toxin A in relation to clinical course of infection. Infect Immun 1994;62:384–389.

*28.*	Yassin SF, Young-Fadok TM, Zein NN, Pardi DS. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. Mayo Clin Proc 2001;76:725–730.