Effect of Abdominal Skin Massage and Warming Therapy on the Pain and Anxiety in Breast Cancer Patients who Underwent Hormone Injections

Jin Hee Jun; Youn Ok Lee; Se-Na Lee

doi:10.5388/aon.2016.16.4.226

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Jun, Lee, and Lee: Effect of Abdominal Skin Massage and Warming Therapy on the Pain and Anxiety in Breast Cancer Patients who Underwent Hormone Injections

Original Article

Asian Oncology Nursing 2016; 16(4): 226-233.

Published online: 31 December 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5388/aon.2016.16.4.226

Effect of Abdominal Skin Massage and Warming Therapy on the Pain and Anxiety in Breast Cancer Patients who Underwent Hormone Injections

Jin Hee Jun^1,^*, Youn Ok Lee^2,^*, Se-Na Lee²

¹Ambulatory Treatment Center, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.

²Department of Nursing, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.

Address reprint requests to: Lee, Se-Na. Department of Nursing National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10408, Korea. Tel: +82-31-920-1335, Fax: +82-31-920-1268, snlee0625@ncc.re.kr

Equal contributor:

*Theses authors equally contributed to this work as first author.

Received 9 September 2016 Revised 29 November 2016 Accepted 19 December 2016

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to identify effects of abdominal skin massage and warming therapy on the pain and anxiety to breast cancer patients who underwent hormone injections.

Methods

The subjects for the study were 60 breast cancer patients who underwent hormone injections (20 in the control group, 20 in the abdominal skin massage group, and 20 in the warming therapy group). Abdominal skin massage was conducted following KSMA's (Korea science massage association) advice and warming therapy was executed at 48 ℃ for 20 minutes. The results were checked using subjective and objective measurement tools.

Results

After abdominal skin massage and warming therapy, subjective (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS) and objective (facial expression and vocal change) pain scores were significantly decreased (p<.001) Also, Anxiety state was significantly decreased compared to the control group (p =.043).

Conclusion

The results of this study indicate that abdominal skin massage and warming therapy were highly effective in alleviating pain and anxiety in patients who underwent hormone injections.

Keywords: Subcutaneous Injections, Massage, Therapy Pain, Anxiety

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

Design of study.

Table 1

Homogeneity Test of General Characteristics (N=60)

Variables	Characteristics	Categories	Control (n=20)	Abdominal skin massage (n=20)	Warm therapy (n=20)	χ² or F (p)
Variables	Characteristics	Categories	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	χ² or F (p)
General characteristics	Age (year)		41.7±4.40	42.8±6.03	42.5±5.91	1.19 (.553)
	Body weight (kg)		58.75±11.30	56.88±8.76	58.44±1.29	0.36 (.834)
	Current marital status	Married	17 (85.0)	15 (75.0)	17 (85.0)	0.03 (.863)
	Current marital status	Single	3 (15.0)	5 (25.0)	3 (15.0)	0.03 (.863)
	Education level	≤High school	7 (35.0)	7 (35.0)	4 (20.0)	1.47^* (.537)
	Education level	≥College	13 (65.0)	13 (65.0)	16 (80.0)	1.47^* (.537)
	Religion	Protestant	5 (25.0)	6 (30.0)	6 (30.0)	0.02 (.888)
		Catholic	1 (5.0)	4 (20.0)	5 (25.0)
		Buddhist	4 (20.0)	5 (25.0)	5 (25.0)
		Other	10 (50.0)	5 (25.0)	4 (20.0)
	Occupation	Yes	9 (45.0)	8 (40.0)	13 (65.0)	2.80 (.353)
	Occupation	No	11 (55.0)	12 (60.0)	7 (35.0)	2.80 (.353)
	Monthly income	Middle	16 (85.0)	15 (75.0)	18 (90.0)	1.58^* (.472)
	Monthly income	High-Low	3 (15.0)	5 (25.0)	2 (10.0)	1.58^* (.472)
Disease related characteristics	Cancer stage	Stage I	7 (35.0)	6 (30.0)	3 (15.0)	0.43 (.512)
		Stage II	5 (25.0)	4 (20.0)	8 (40.0)
		Stage III	4 (20.0)	1 (5.0)	3 (15.0)
		Stage IV	4 (20.0)	9 (45.0)	6 (30.0)
	Months since diagnosis	≥12	23.70±16.21	29.15±18.65	28.12±23.04	0.95 (.623)
		≥13~24	4 (20.0)	4 (20.0)	5 (25.0)
		25~36	11 (55.0)	9 (45.0)	6 (30.0)
		37~48	1 (5.0)	0	4 (20.0)
		<49	2 (10.0)	3 (15.0)	1 (5.0)
			2 (10.0)	4 (20.0)	4 (20.0)
	Type of treatment	OP only	2 (10.0)	3 (15.0)	2 (10.0)	0.44 (.507)
		OP+RT	7 (35.0)	4 (20.0)	3 (15.0)
		OP+RT+Chemo	8 (40.0)	9 (45.0)	13 (65.0)
		Chemo only	1 (5.0)	3 (15.0)	1 (5.0)
		OP+ Chemo	2 (10.0)	1 (5.0)	1 (5.0)
	Current number of injection	≥10	13.65±7.46	19.60±20.67	13.60±14.71	0.86 (.656)
		11~20	5 (25.0)	9 (45.0)	10 (50.0)
		21~30	12 (60.0)	6 (30.0)	4 (20.0)
		<31	3 (15.0)	1 (5.0)	2 (10.0)
			0	4 (20.0)	4 (20.0)

^*Fisher's exact test; Op= Operation; Rt= Radiation therapy; Chemo= Chemotherapy.

Table 2

Homogeneity Test of Anxiety (N=60)

Variables	Control (n=20)	Abdominal skin massage (n=20)	Warm therapy (n=20)	F	p
Variables	M±SD	M±SD	M±SD	F	p
Anxiety (VAS)	4.80±2.07	3.70±2.00	3.20±2.33	3.11	.554
Anxiety state	8.02±3.42	5.95±2.88	7.45±3.65	3.33	.181

VAS= Visual Analogue Scale.

Table 3

Pain Score of Post Abdominal Hormone Injection (N=60)

Variables	Control^a (n=20)	Abdominal skin massage^b (n=20)	Warm therapy^c (n=20)	F	p	Scheffé
Variables	M±SD	M±SD	M±SD	F	p	Scheffé
Pain (VAS)	5.83±1.35	3.00±1.65	2.95±1.76	21.21	<.001	a>b, c
Objective pain
Facial expression	4.85±0.99	1.60±0.74	0.75±0.55	129.88	<.001	a>b>c
Vocal change	3.70±1.78	0.55±0.51	0.35±0.48	57.75	<.001	a>b, c

VAS= Visual Analogue Scale.

Table 4

Difference in Level of Anxiety of Pre, Post Abdominal Hormone Injection (N=60)

Variables	Pre injection	Post injection	t (p)	F (p)	Scheffé
Variables	M±SD	M±SD	t (p)	F (p)	Scheffé
Anxiety (VAS)				3.11 (.052)
Cont^a. (n=20)	4.80±2.07	1.25±1.41	3.91 (<.001)
Abdominal skin massage^b (n=20)	3.70±2.00	0.50±0.89	3.93 (<.001)
Warm therapy^c (n=20)	3.20±2.33	1.20±1.51	3.53 (<.001)
Anxiety state				3.33 (.043)	a>b, c
Cont^a. (n=20)	8.02±3.42	3.45±3.08	3.57 (<.001)
Abdominal skin massage^b (n=20)	5.95±2.88	1.68±1.74	3.81 (<.001)
Warm therapy^c (n=20)	7.45±3.65	3.30±2.72	3.87 (<.001)

VAS= Visual Analogue Scale.

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