Journal List > Asian Oncol Nurs > v.16(2) > 1081865

Jang and Choi: Factors Influencing Quality of Sleep among Patients with Colorectal Cancer Receiving Chemotherapy

Abstract

Purpose

This study aimed to find the relationships between quality of sleep, symptoms, depression, and anxiety in patients with colorectal cancer.

Methods

A cross-sectional correlation study was used. Participants were 138 colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Measurements included the self-reported Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS), the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI-GI) and the patients' medical history.

Results

87.0% of subjects were assessed as poor sleepers. The most severe symptoms reported were feeling bloated, followed by fatigue, and sadness. The prevalence of anxiety and depression were 68.2%, and 77.5% respectively. According to the result of multiple regression analysis, symptoms, depression, cancer severity, and comorbidity of chronic illness were significant predictors of quality of sleep scores (Adj. R2=.392, p<.001)

Conclusion

The independent variables of symptoms were the major contributing factors to poor sleep quality. Oncology nursing professionals need to assess the symptoms to improve quality of sleep for colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Differences in Quality of Sleep by Characteristics (N=138)

aon-16-103-i001
Variables Categories n (%) Quality of sleep
M±SD t or F (Scheffé) p
Gender Male 96 (69.6) 10.67±4.43 0.03 .977
Female 42 (30.4) 10.64±4.24
Age (year) <50 18 (13.1) 10.44±5.58 0.14 .870
50~59 46 (33.3) 10.93±4.59
≥60 74 (53.6) 10.54±3.91
Marital status Single 5 (3.6) 8.60±6.80 -1.08 .283
Married 133 (96.4) 10.74±4.26
Social situation Lives with family 121 (87.7) 10.74±4.40 0.55 .586
Lives alone 17 (12.3) 10.12±4.11
Education level ≤Middle school 55 (39.8) 10.44±4.02 0.14 .871
High school 60 (43.5) 10.87±4.63
≥College 23 (16.7) 10.65±4.57
Occupation Yes 52 (37.7) 10.62±4.28 -0.09 .927
No 86 (62.3) 10.69±4.43
Religion None 36 (26.1) 9.53±4.19 1.34 .263
Buddhism 74 (53.6) 11.08±4.31
Christianity 25 (18.1) 11.24±3.93
Others 3 (2.2) 9.00±9.54
Economic status Low 34 (24.6) 12.12±4.65 2.6 .078
Middle 94 (68.1) 10.20±4.27
High 10 (7.3) 10.00±3.20
Medical expenditure Self 74 (53.6) 10.81±4.10 1.11 .347
Spouse 30 (21.7) 9.93±4.63
Children 24 (17.4) 10.25±4.39
Others 10 (7.3) 12.70±5.21
Family support Very satisfied~satisfied 87 (63.0) 10.21±4.60 1.32 .271
Moderate 40 (29.0) 11.53±4.13
Dissatisfied~very dissatisfied 11 (8.0) 11.09±2.55
Primary caregiver Yes 102 (73.9) 10.43±4.38 -1.04 .302
No 36 (26.1) 11.31±4.27
Cancer severity Not seriousa 12 (8.7) 7.42±3.65 14.27
(a, b<c)
<.001
A little seriousb 72 (52.2) 9.60±3.97
Very seriousc 54 (39.1) 12.80±4.07
Total chemotherapy cycles <10 69 (50.0) 10.57±3.87 -0.15 .883
10~19 26 (18.8) 10.15±3.75
≥20 20 (14.5) 11.50±6.15
Do not recognize 23 (16.7) 10.78±4.72
Comorbidity of chronic illness Yes 78 (56.5) 11.32±4.00 -2.06 .042
No 60 (43.5) 9.80±4.68
Postdiagnosis duration (year) <1 59 (42.8) 9.88±4.28 1.97 .143
1~5 71 (51.4) 11.11±4.39
>5 8 (5.8) 12.38±4.07
Recurrence or metastasis Nonea 63 (45.7) 9.49±4.08 3.45
(a<d)
.019
Recurrenceb 20 (14.5) 11.30±3.76
Metastasisc 45 (32.6) 11.44±4.55
Recurrence & metastasisd 10 (7.2) 13.20±4.78
Type of treatment CTX alone 39 (28.3) 9.08±4.95 2.84 .041
CTX and OP 66 (47.8) 10.98±3.80
CTX and XRT 8 (5.8) 11.50±4.38
CTX and OP and XRT 25 (18.1) 12.00±4.28
Colostomy No 105 (76.1) 10.50±4.58 -0.74 .459
Yes 33 (23.9) 11.15±3.56
Post colostomy duration (if colostomy yes) ≤12 monthsa 14 (42.4) 11.57±2.38 5.99
(a, b>c)
.006
13~24 monthsb 11 (33.3) 12.91±3.73
≥25 monthsc 8 (24.3) 8.00±3.34

CTX= Chemotherapy; OP= Operation; XRT= Radiation therapy.

Table 2

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Global Scores and Component Means (N=138)

aon-16-103-i002
Variables n (%) or M±SD Min~Max
PSQI global scores 10.66±4.36 0~21
 Sleep quality 1.51±0.79 0~3
 Sleep latency 1.81±1.01 0~3
 Sleep duration 1.80±1.05 0~3
 Habitual sleep efficiency 1.75±1.15 0~3
 Sleep disturbances 1.71±0.58 0~3
 Use of sleep medications 0.49±0.88 0~3
 Daytime dysfunction 1.58±0.93 0~3
PSQI global scores≤5 (good sleeper) 18 (13.0)
PSQI global scores>5 (poor sleeper) 120 (87.0)

PSQI= Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Table 3

Symptom Reported by Respondents

aon-16-103-i003
Variables Moderate* Severe M±SD
n (%) n (%)
Symptom 107.04±43.52
General symptom 76.70±33.03
 Pain 30 (21.7) 48 (34.8) 4.57±3.19
 Fatigue 34 (24.6) 58 (42.0) 5.28±2.79
 Nausea 34 (24.6) 27 (19.6) 3.81±2.88
 Disturbed sleep 36 (26.1) 37 (26.8) 4.47±2.94
 Distressed (upset) 37 (26.8) 35 (25.4) 4.35±2.92
 Shortness of breath 18 (13.0) 26 (18.8) 3.12±2.89
 Problem with remembering things 22 (15.9) 20 (14.5) 3.03±2.66
 Lack of appetite 31 (22.5) 49 (35.5) 4.90±2.87
 Drowsy 21 (15.2) 35 (25.4) 4.03±2.69
 Dry mouth 31 (22.5) 43 (31.2) 4.64±2.82
 Sad 20 (14.5) 66 (47.8) 5.42±3.48
 Vomiting 24 (17.4) 17 (12.3) 2.99±2.64
 Numbness or tingling 23 (16.7) 53 (38.4) 4.96±3.12
Gastrointestinal symptom 21.14±10.24
 Constipation 22 (15.9) 54 (39.1) 4.67±3.48
 Diarrhea or watery stools via stoma 23 (16.7) 38 (27.5) 3.84±3.30
 Difficulty swallowing 17 (12.3) 10 (7.2) 1.99±2.49
 Change in taste 36 (26.1) 42 (30.4) 4.72±2.91
 Feeling bloated 30 (21.7) 67 (48.6) 5.91±2.92
Symptom interference 30.35±15.26
 General activity 37 (26.8) 51 (37.0) 5.34±3.01
 Mood 33 (23.9) 60 (43.5) 5.61±2.89
 Work 34 (24.6) 60 (43.5) 5.70±3.00
 Relations with other people 23 (16.7) 49 (35.5) 4.93±3.21
 Walking 14 (10.1) 24 (17.4) 2.99±2.98
 Enjoyment of life 26 (18.8) 67 (48.6) 5.78±3.34

*Moderate, between 5 and 6 on a 0~10 scale of MDASI-GI (M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory); Severe, 7 or greater on a 0~10 scale of MDASI-GI (M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory).

Table 4

Hospital Anxiety-Depression Reported by Respondents

aon-16-103-i004
Variables n (%) M±SD
Anxiety 0~7 (normal) 44 (31.9) 9.48±4.46
8~10 (mild) 39 (28.3)
11~21 (moderate~severe) 55 (39.8)
Depression 0~7 (normal) 31 (22.5) 10.18±4.02
8~10 (mild) 37 (26.8)
11~21 (moderate~severe) 70 (50.7)
Table 5

Contributing Factors to Quality of Sleep (N=138)

aon-16-103-i005
Variables *Quality of sleep
B SE β t p Collinearity R2
Tolerance VIF
(Constant) 5.21 1.02 5.11 <.001
Symptom 0.04 0.01 .39 4.50 <.001 0.61 1.65 .313
Depression 0.26 0.09 .24 2.77 .006 0.59 1.69 .353
Cancer severity -1.41 0.59 -.16 -2.38 .019 0.96 1.05 .372
Comorbidity of chronic illness -1.36 0.59 -.16 -2.32 .022 1.00 1.00 .392
Adj. R2=.392, F=23.07, p<.001

*Quality of sleep measured by PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) global score.

Notes

This article is a revision of the first author's master's thesis from Inje University.

References

1. Korea Central Cancer Resistry. National Cancer Center. Annual report of cancer statistics in Korea in 2011. Ministry of Health and Welfare;Accessed September 10, 2013. http://ncc.re.kr/manage/manage03_033_list.jsp.
2. Park JA, Choi KS. Experience of colorectal cancer survival journeys: born again after going through an altered self image. Asian Oncol Nurs. 2013; 13(3):163–173.
crossref
3. Harrison's Manual of Medicine, 18e> Chap 78: tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Accessed June 25, 2016. http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?sectionid=63499554&bookid=1140&jumpsectionID=63499602&Resultclick=2.
4. Carpenter JS, Andrykowski MA. Psychometric evaluation of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index. J Psychosom Res. 1998; 45(1):5–13.
crossref
5. Sohn SK. Relationship between fatigue and sleep quality in patients with cancer. J Korean Acad Adult Nurs. 2002; 14(3):378–389.
6. Berger AM, Treat Marunda HA, Agrawal S. Influence of menopausal status on sleep and hot flashes throughout breast cancer adjuvant chemotherapy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2009; 38(3):353–366.
crossref
7. Kim K, Park DH, Park DL, Ryu EJ. Effects of symptom severity and symptom interference on sleep disturbance in cancer patients. Asian Oncol Nurs. 2012; 12(4):339–346.
crossref
8. Monas L, Suzanne C, Michal K, Ruthie Z, Yossi FD, Catherine F. The relationship of sleep disturbance and symptom severity, symptom interference, and hospitalization among Israeli inpatients with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2012; 39(4):E361–E372.
crossref
9. Simon AE, Thompson M, Flashman K, Wardle J. Disease stage and psychosocial outcomes in colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2009; 11(1):19–25.
crossref
10. Vena C, Parker K, Cunningham M, Clark J, McMillan S. Sleep-wake disturbances in people with cancer part I: an overview of sleep, sleep regulation, and effects of disease and treatment. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2004; 31:735–746.
crossref
11. Kwak MJ. A study on the relationship of pain, anxiety, and sleep in the cancer patients [master's thesis]. Seoul: Ewha Womans Univ.;2000.
12. Son HG. Relationship between quality of sleep and fatigue in patients with hemato-malignancy in receiving chemotherapy [master's thesis]. Busan: Kosin Univ.;2007.
13. Jung JE. The comparison of the perceived nursing needs between hospitalized cancer patients, and nurses. J Korean Clin Nurs Res. 2003; 8(2):91–105.
14. Park JH. Sleep quality of breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy in the outpatients setting [master's thesis]. Seoul: Yonsei Univ.;2011.
15. Otte JL, Carpenter JS, Russell KM, Bigatti S, Champion VL. Prevalence, severity, and correlates of sleep-wake disturbances in long-term breast cancer survivors. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010; 39(3):535–547.
crossref
16. Berger AM, Grem JL, Visovsky C, Marunda HA, Yurkovich JM. Fatigue and other variables during adjuvant chemotherapy for colon and rectal cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2010; 37(6):E359–E369.
crossref
17. Buysse DJ, Reynolds III CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989; 28(2):193–213.
crossref
18. Cho YW, Lee H, Lee JH, Han SY, Lee MY. Sleep disorders in maintenance dialysis patients with end-stage renal disease. J Korean Neurol Assoc. 2003; 21(5):492–497.
19. Cleeland CS, Mendoza TR, Wang XS, Chou C, Harle MT, Morrissey M, et al. Assessing symptom distress in cancer patients. Cancer. 2000; 89(7):1634–1646.
crossref
20. Wang XS, Williams LA, Eng C, Mendoza TR, Shah NA, Kirkendoll KJ, et al. Validation and application of a module of the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory for measuring multiple symptoms in patients with gastrointestinal cancer(the MDASI-GI). Cancer. 2010; 116(8):2053–2063.
crossref
21. Baek YA. The Correlation among symptoms, anxiety, depression and quality of life in patients with colorectal cancer undergoing chemotherapy [master's thesis]. Seoul: Seoul National Univ.;2013.
22. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983; 67(6):361–370.
crossref
23. Baldacchino DR, Bowman GS, Buhagiar A. Reliability testing of the hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale in the English, Maltese and back-translation versions. Int J Nurs Stud. 2002; 39:207–214.
crossref
24. Patel NP, Grandner MA, Xie D, Branas CC, Gooneratne N. "Sleep disparity" in the population: poor sleep quality is strongly associated with poverty and ethnicity. BMC Public Health. 2010; 11(10):475. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-475.
crossref
25. Gottlieb DJ, Redline S, Nieto FJ, Baldwin CM, Newman AB, Resnick HE, et al. Association of usual sleep duration with hypertension: the sleep heart health study. Sleep. 2006; 29(8):1009–1014.
crossref
26. Anderson KO, Getto CJ, Mendoza TR, Palmer SN, Wang XS, Reyes-Gibby CC, et al. Fatigue and sleep disturbance in patients with cancer, patients with clinical depression, and community-dwelling adults. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2003; 25(4):307–318.
crossref
27. Sela RA, Watanabe S, Nekolaichuk CL. Sleep disturbances in palliative cancer patients attending a pain and symptom control clinic. Palliat Support Care. 2005; 3(1):23–31.
crossref
28. Engstrom PF, Arnoletti JP, Benson AB 3rd, Chen YJ, Choti MA, Cooper HS, et al. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: rectal cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2009; 7(8):838–881.
29. Jung AR, Yi M. Predictive factors of supportive care needs in patients with hematologic malignancy. Korean J Adult Nurs. 2011; 23(5):460–471.
30. Kwak SY, Byeon YS. Factors influencing resilience of patients with hematologic malignancy. Korean J Adult Nurs. 2013; 25(1):95–104.
crossref
TOOLS
Similar articles