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Bae and Kang: Age difference in association between obesity and Nutrition Quotient scores of preschoolers and school children
Research Article

Journal of Nutrition and Health 2016; 49(6): 447-458.

Published online: 31 December 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2016.49.6.447

Age difference in association between obesity and Nutrition Quotient scores of preschoolers and school children

Joo-Mee Bae, Myung-Hee Kang

Department of Food & Nutrition, Daedeok Valley Campus, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-42-629-8791, mhkang@hnu.kr

Received 8 November 2016       Revised 19 November 2016       Accepted 2 December 2016

© 2016 The Korean Nutrition Society

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study was conducted among 235 children aged 3 up to 11 yrs to examine the relationship between subjects' eating behaviors and obesity.

Methods

The subjects were divided into three age groups: preschoolers aged 3 to 5 yrs, early elementary school students aged 6 to 8 yrs, and late elementary school students aged 9 to 11 yrs. As a tool for eating behaviors, the recently developed nutrition quotient (NQ) questionnaire was utilized. By age group, scores were gathered and calculated in the five factors, “Balance”, “Diversity”, “Moderation”, “Regularity”, and “Practice”, which make up the NQ scores.

Results

The NQ scores among those aged 3 to 5, 6 to 8, and 9 to 11 yrs did not exhibit any significant differences. Among the scores for the five factors of the NQ, the Diversity scores of those aged 9 to 11 yrs were significantly higher than the scores of those aged 3 to 5 and those aged 6 to 8 yrs. The scores of those aged 3 to 5 and those aged 6 to 8 yrs were higher than the scores of those aged 9 to 11 yrs in Moderation and Regularity. When the subjects were divided into low-weight/normal and overweight/obese groups, among those aged 6 to 8 yrs, the NQ scores, Moderation, Regularity, and Practice scores were higher in the overweight/obese group than those in the low-weight/normal group. Among those aged 9 to 11 yrs, the overweight/obese group scored higher than the low-weight/normal group only in the Moderation component.

Conclusion

From the results, to prevent obesity in elementary school students, it is practical to focus on training related to eating behavior items included in the Moderation component. Furthermore, personalized instructions on eating behaviors and nutritional education based on age are necessary to prevent obesity in children.

Keywords: eating behavior, nutrition quotient (NQ) score, obesity, preschooler, school children

Figures and Tables

Table 1

Characteristics of the subjects

jnh-49-447-i001

1) All values are means ± SE. 2) Data are presented as No. (%) within age groups. 3) Different letters are significantly different among age groups by Duncan's multiple range test. 4) BMI: body mass index

Table 2

NQ scores and NQ factor scores of preschoolers and school children

jnh-49-447-i002

1) P-value by one way ANOVA 2) NQ: Nutrition Quotient 3) All values are means ± SD. 4) Different letters are significantly different between age groups by Duncan's multiple range test.

Table 3

NQ1) grade of the preschoolers and school children

jnh-49-447-i003

1) NQ: nutrition quotient 2) Reference number 9; Kang et al. Korean J Nutr 2012; 45(4): 372-389 3) P-value by χ2-test 4) Data are presented as No. (%) within age groups. 5) NS = not significant

Table 4

Comparison of NQ scores and scores of NQ factors between children by weight status1)

jnh-49-447-i004

1) Weight categories are based on BMI-for-age percentiles where healthy weight is the 5th percentile to less than the 85th percentile; overweight is the 85th percentile to less than the 95th percentile; and obese is equal to or greater thatn the 95th percentile. 2) NQ: nutrition quotient 3) All values are means ± SD. 4) *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 by Student's t-test

Table 5

Correlation coefficients between body weight and NQ scores of preschoolers and school children

jnh-49-447-i005

1) Pearson's correlation coefficients 2) NQ: nutrition quotient 3) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01

Table 6

Comparison of checklist items for balance factor according to ages

jnh-49-447-i006

1) Data are presented as No. (%). 2) Consumption frequencies of fruit between normal and overweight group in 3 ~ 5 years children are significantly different at α = 0.05 level by χ2-test.

Table 7

Comparison of checklist items for diversity factor according to ages

jnh-49-447-i007

1) Data are presented as No. (%).

Table 8

Comparison of checklist items for moderation factor according to ages

jnh-49-447-i008

1) Data are presented as No. (%). 2) Consumption frequencies of checklist items between normal and overweight group in children are significantly different at α = 0.05 (*), α = 0.01 (**), and α = 0.001 (***) level by χ2-test.

Table 9

Comparison of checklist items for regularity factor according to ages

jnh-49-447-i009

1) Data are presented as No. (%). 2) Consumption frequencies of checklist items between normal and overweight group in children are significantly different at α = 0.05 (*), and α = 0.001 (***) level by χ2-test.

Table 10

Comparison of checklist items for practice factor according to ages

jnh-49-447-i010

1) Data are presented as No. (%).

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