Amelioration of metabolic disturbances and adipokine dysregulation by mugwort (Artemisia princeps P.) extract in high-fat diet-induced obese rats*

Yun-Hye Kim; Chung-Mu Park; Gun-Ae Yoon

doi:10.4163/jnh.2016.49.4.411

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Kim, Park, and Yoon: Amelioration of metabolic disturbances and adipokine dysregulation by mugwort (Artemisia princeps P.) extract in high-fat diet-induced obese rats*

Research Article

J Nutr Health 2016;49(6):411-419.

Published online: 10 December 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2016.49.4.411

Amelioration of metabolic disturbances and adipokine dysregulation by mugwort (Artemisia princeps P.) extract in high-fat diet-induced obese rats^*

Yun-Hye Kim¹, Chung-Mu Park², Gun-Ae Yoon^1,^†

¹Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea

²Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Nursing and Healthcare Sciences, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea

^†To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-51-890-1592, e-mail: gayoon@deu.ac.kr

^* This work was supported by Dongeui University grant (201600910001).

Received 27 October 201628 November 2016 Accepted 20 December 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

Dysregulation of adipokines caused by excess adipose tissue has been implicated in the development of obesity-related metabolic diseases. This study evaluated the effects of mugwort (Artemisia princeps Pampanini) ethanol extract on lipid metabolic changes, insulin resistance, adipokine balance, and body fat reduction in obese rats.

Methods

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a control diet (NC), high-fat diet (HF, 40% kcal from fat), or high-fat diet with 1% mugwort extract (HFM) for 6 weeks.

Results

Epididymal and retroperitoneal fat mass increased in the HF group compared with the NC group, and epididymal fat mass was reduced in the HFM group (p < 0.05). No difference was observed in serum levels of total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) among the groups. However, triglyceride (TG), TG/HDL-C ratio, and TC/HDL-C ratio increased in the HF group and significantly decreased in the HFM group. TG and TC levels in the liver were significantly higher in the HF group, whereas these levels were significantly reduced in the HFM group. HF rats had lower insulin sensitivity as indicated by increased homeostasis model assessment of the insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value. HOMA-IR values significantly decreased in the HFM group. Adiponectin levels were higher in NC rats, and their leptin and PAI-1 levels were lower. Relative balance of adipokines was reversed in the HF group, with lower adiponectin levels but higher leptin and PAI-1 levels. In contrast, the HFM group maintained balance of adiponectin/leptin and adiponectin/PAI-1 levels similar to NC by reducing leptin and PAI-1 levels.

Conclusion

Overall data indicated that mugwort extract can be effective in alleviating metabolic dislipidemia, insulin resistance, and adipokine dysregulation induced by a high-fat diet.

Keywords: mugwort (Artemisia princeps P.), lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, adipokine

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Fig. 1.

Effect of mugwort ethanol extract on plasma levels of glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Bars with uncommon letters are significantly different at p < 0.05 using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's multiple range test. NC: control diet, HF: high fat diet with no supplement, HFM: high fat diet with 1% mugwort ethanol extract, HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance

Fig. 2.

Effect of mugwort ethanol extract on lipid accumulation in liver (A) Triglyceride and cholesterol levels in liver, (B) Histopathological observation of liver. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Bars with uncommon letters are significantly different at p < 0.05 using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's multiple range test. NC: control diet, HF: high fat diet with no supplement, HFM: high fat diet with 1% mugwort ethanol extract. Scale bars = 100 µm

Fig. 3.

Effect of mugwort ethanol extract on plasma levels of leptin, PAI-1 and adiponectin. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Bars with uncommon letters are significantly different at p < 0.05 using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's multiple range test. NC: control diet, HF: high fat diet with no supplement, HFM: high fat diet with 1% mugwort ethanol extract

Table 1.

Composition of experimental diets (g/kg)

Ingredient	NC	HF	HFM
Casein	140	140	140
L-cysetine	1.8	1.8	1.8
Corn starch	620.692	330	320
Sucrose	100	230	230
Soybean oil	40	20	20
Lard	0	180	180
Cellulose	50	50	50
Mineral Mix (AIN-93G-MX)	35	35	35
Vitamin Mix (AIN-93G-VX)	10	10	10
Choline bitartrate	2.5	2.5	2.5
Tertiarybutylhydroquinone (TBQH)	0.008	0.008	0.008
Mugwort ethanol extract	0	0	10

NC: control diet, HF: high-fat diet with no supplement, HFM: high-fat diet with 1% mugwort ethanol extract

Table 2.

Effect of mugwort ethanol extract on change in body, liver and adipose tissue weight

Variables	NC	HF	HFM
Initial body weight (g)	282.40 ± 4.08^NS	281.60 ± 3.59	282.60 ± 4.03
Final body weight (g)	405.00 ± 9.76^NS	448.20 ± 10.86	440.20 ± 18.75
Liver (g)	11.58 ± 1.61^NS	13.29 ± 0.50	13.23 ± 0.52
Epididymal fat (g)	6.95 ± 0.19^b	11.51 ± 0.24^a	8.97 ± 1.30^b
Retroperitoneal fat (g)	7.45 ± 0.31^b	11.86 ± 0.82^a	9.54 ± 1.84^ab

Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

NS: No significant

Values in row with uncommon superscript letters are significantly different at p < 0.05 using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's multiple range test.

NC: control diet, HF: high fat diet with no supplement, HFM: high fat diet with 1% mugwort ethanol extract

Table 3.

Effect of mugwort ethanol extract on plasma levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol and HDL-C

Variables	NC	HF	HFM
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	65.34 ± 6.08^b	105.17 ± 12.38^a	71.45 ± 8.14^b
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	63.80 ± 5.50^NS	61.65 ± 3.11	65.26 ± 4.81
HDL-C (mg/dL)	34.75 ± 3.81^NS	31.15 ± 1.56	38.95 ± 3.25
TG/HDL-C	1.91 ± 0.14^b	3.33 ± 0.54^a	2.17 ± 0.32^b
TC/HDL-C	1.86 ± 0.07^ab	1.99 ± 0.12^a	1.68 ± 0.02^b

Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

NS: No significant

Values in row with uncommon superscript letters are significantly different at p < 0.05 using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's multiple range test.

NC: control diet, HF: high fat diet with no supplement, HFM: high fat diet with 1% mugwort ethanol extract

TG/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C: ratio of triglyceride/HDL-C and ratio of total cholesterol/HDL-C

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