Estimated dietary intake of vitamin A in Korean adults: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007~2012

Seong-Ah Kim; Shinyoung Jun; Hyojee Joung

doi:10.4163/jnh.2016.49.4.258

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Kim, Jun, and Joung: Estimated dietary intake of vitamin A in Korean adults: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007~2012

Research Article

Journal of Nutrition and Health 2016; 49(4): 258-268.

Published online: 31 August 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2016.49.4.258

Estimated dietary intake of vitamin A in Korean adults: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007~2012

Seong-Ah Kim¹, Shinyoung Jun¹, Hyojee Joung^1,²

¹Department of Public Health and Nutrition, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.

²Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-2-880-2781, hjjoung@snu.ac.kr

Received 14 June 2016 Revised 18 July 2016 Accepted 28 July 2016

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to estimate dietary vitamin A intake and examine major food sources of vitamin A in Korean adults.

Methods

Using data from the 2007~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a total of 33,069 subjects over 19-years-old were included in this study. We estimated individual daily intakes of retinol, carotenoids such as α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene, and vitamin A by linking food consumption data with the vitamin A database of commonly consumed foods. We compared individual vitamin A intakes with the reference value of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans.

Results

Average dietary vitamin A intakes of study subjects were 864.3 µg retinol equivalent/day (495.7 µg retinol activity equivalent/day) in men and 715.0 µg retinol equivalent/day (403.6 µg retinol activity equivalent/day) in women. Exactly 42.9% and 70.6% of total subjects consumed less vitamin A than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) based on retinol equivalent and retinol activity equivalent, respectively. The major food sources of vitamin A were Korean radish leaves, carrot, red pepper, and laver, and the top 20 foods provided about 80% of total vitamin A intake.

Conclusion

This study provides basic data for estimation of vitamin A intake in Korean adults. Further research will be needed to analyze the association of insufficient or excess intakes of vitamin A and health problems in the Korean population.

Keywords: vitamin A, retinol equivalent, retinol activity equivalent, KNHANES

Figures and Tables

Table 1

The literature sources and coverage of retinol and carotenoids database

1) The number of carotenoids contents was added if any of the 6 carotenoids is available. 2) The number of retinol and carotenoids contents was added if any of the retinol or 6 carotenoids is available.

Table 2

Daily dietary vitamin A intakes of Korean adults aged ≥ 19y by socio-demographic factors from 24-h DR in the KNHANES 2007~2012

1) Number of missing values was 670 and 2,613 for household income and education level.

^* Duncan's test was performed for post hoc analysis.

Table 3

Percentages of Korean adults aged ≥ 19y consuming vitamin A compared with the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRIs)

1) Number of missing values was 670 for household income.

^* All variables showed statistically significant differences according to the classified group from chi-square test (p < 0.05).

Table 4

Contribution of individual food groups to vitamin A intake in Korean adults aged ≥ 19 y from 24-h DR in the KNHANES 2007~2012

Table 5

Major dietary sources of vitamin A consumed by Korean adults aged ≥ 19 y from 24-h DR in the KNHANES 2007~2012

1) Food code and name was based on the 'N_FCODE3' from 24-h DR in the KNHANES.

Notes

This work is carried out with the support of 'Research Program for Agricultural Science and Technology Development', National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (Project No. PJ011637022016).

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