So Young Park; Sujeong Pak; Song Joo Kang; Na Young Kim; Da Saem Kim; Min Jin Kim; Seon Ah Kim; Ji Young Kim; So Yeon Park; So Hyun Park; Cho Rong Youn; Bo Ram Lee; Hyo Eun Lee; So Young Choi; Hee Won Choi; Jin Yeo Heo; A Yeong Hwang; Sook Lee Myoung

doi:10.4163/jnh.2015.48.4.299

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Park, Pak, Kang, Kim, Kim, Kim, Kim, Kim, Park, Park, Youn, Lee, Lee, Choi, Choi, Heo, Hwang, and Myoung: Effects of the C3G/D3G anthocyanins-rich black soybean testa extracts on improvement of lipid profiles in STZ-induced diabetic rats∗

Research Article

J Nutr Health 2015;48(4):299-309.

Published online: 19 January 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2015.48.4.299

Effects of the C3G/D3G anthocyanins-rich black soybean testa extracts on improvement of lipid profiles in STZ-induced diabetic rats^∗

So Young Park¹, Sujeong Pak¹, Song Joo Kang², Na Young Kim², Da Saem Kim², Min Jin Kim², Seon Ah Kim², Ji Young Kim², So Yeon Park², So Hyun Park², Cho Rong Youn², Bo Ram Lee², Hyo Eun Lee², So Young Choi², Hee Won Choi², Jin Yeo Heo², A Yeong Hwang², Sook Lee Myoung^1,^2,^†

¹Research Institute of Obesity Science, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 142-732, Korea

²Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 142-732, Korea

^†To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-2-920-7211, e-mail: mlee@sungshin.ac.kr

^∗ This work was supported by the Sungshin Women's University Research Grant of 2013.

Received 17 August 2015 Revised 20 August 2015 Accepted 27 August 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of black soybean (CJ-3) testa extracts on lipid profiles in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

Methods:

One control group and four STZ-induced diabetic groups with different doses of black soybean (CJ-3) testa extracts treatment [0 mg/kg (diabetic control, EX), 250 mg/kg (EX-250), 500 mg/kg (EX-500), 1,000 mg/kg (EX-1000)] were orally administered for 4 weeks.

Results:

All CJ-3 treatment groups had remarkably lower serum triglyceride (TG) levels than that of EX group (p < 0.05) whereas hepatic TG contents did not show any differences. Results from serum total cholesterol (TC) concentrations of EX-250 and EX-1000 groups were decreased compared to EX group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, protein levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase from the liver decreased in all treatment groups (p < 0.05). However, significant differences were not observed in serum glucose and insulin, and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) protein expression in skeletal muscle tissue.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that black soybean testa extracts could be useful for improvement of hyperlipidemia and hypercholesteremia in diabetes.

Keywords: anthocyanin, black soybean testa, lipid profiles, streptozotocin, diabetes

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Fig. 1.

HPLC chromatogram and chemical structure of C3G and D3G. Peak 1; D3G (4.22 mg/g), peak 2; C3G (10.23 mg/g). HPLC condition [column; Gemini (C_18, 3 µm, 4.6 mm × 100 mm), detector; DAD (530 nm), flow rate; 0.8 ml/min, solvent A; acetonitrille, solvent B; distilled water, solvent C; 0.5 M oxalic acid, gradient condition with 0~5 min; 10% A, 85% B, 5% C, 20 min; 25% A, 70% B, 5% C].

Fig. 2.

Organ weight of normal and diabetic rats fed black soybean testa extracts. (A) Liver weight (g/100 g body weight) and (B) Muscle weight (g/100 g body weight). Mean values ± SD with different letters represent significant difference at p < 0.05. CON; normal control, EX; STZ-induced diabetes (diabetic control), EX-250; black soybean testa extracts 250 mg/kg oral treatment, EX-500; black soybean testa extracts 500 mg/kg oral treatment, EX-1000; black soybean testa extracts 1,000 mg/kg oral treatment after diabetes induction by STZ treatment.

Fig. 3.

Effects of black soybean testa extracts on glucose metabolism. (A) Glucose levels in serum, (B) Insulin levels in serum (C) Glycogen level in liver (D) Glycogen level in muscle and (E) GLUT-4 protein expression levels in skeletal muscle tissue . Glycogen contents in liver and skeletal muscle. Mean values ± SD with different letters represent significant difference at p < 0.05. CON; normal control, EX; STZ-induced diabetes (diabetic control), EX-250; black soybean testa extracts 250 mg/kg oral treatment, EX-500; black soybean testa extracts 500 mg/kg oral treatment, EX-1000; black soybean testa extracts 1,000 mg/kg oral treatment after diabetes induction by STZ treatment.

Fig. 4.

Effects of black soybean testa extracts on lipid profile and MDA. (A) TG levels in serum, (B) TG levels in liver, (C) TG levels in liver and (D) HMG-CoA reductase protein expression levels in liver and (E) MDA levels of serum Mean values ± SD with different letters represent significant difference at p < 0.05. CON; normal control, EX; STZ-induced diabetes (diabetic control), EX-250; black soybean testa extracts 250 mg/kg oral treatment, EX-500; black soybean testa extracts 500 mg/kg oral treatment, EX-1000; black soybean testa extracts 1,000 mg/kg oral treatment after diabetes induction by STZ treatment.

Fig. 5.

Histological findings from livers of each groups. The micrographs depict H&E of paraffin-embedded liver slides. A; normal control (CON), B; STZ-induced diabetes (EX, diabetic control), C; black soybean testa extracts 250 mg/kg oral treatment (EX-250), D; black soybean testa extracts 500 mg/kg oral treatment (EX-500) and E; black soybean testa extracts 1,000 mg/kg oral treatment (EX-1000). White arrow describes tissue necrosis around central hepatic veis. Black arrow describes the lipid globules occurred by STZ treatment.

Table 1.

Experimental design in this study

Groups¹⁾	Oral treatment concentrations (mg/kg)	Type I diabetes induction	The number of individual (n)
CON	NaCl	-	9
EX	NaCl	STZ²⁾	7
EX-250	250	STZ	8
EX-500	500	STZ	8
EX-1000	1,000	STZ	8

¹⁾ Groups - CON; contol, EX; STZ induced diabetes (diabetes conrol), EX-250, EX-500 and EX-1000 describe oral treatments of black bean testa extracts with 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1,000 mg/kg or 4 weeks after diabetes induction by STZ treatment.

²⁾ STZ; streptozotocin.

Table 2.

Body weights, diet intake and feed efficiency ratio of normal and diabetic rats fed black soybean testa extracts

Variables¹⁾	Week 1	Week 2	Week 3	Week 4	p-value (period)^∗
Body weight (kg)
CON (n = 9)	205.4 ± 0.3^ax‡	260.6 ± 14.7^bx	306.6 ± 0.7^cx	331.8 ± 1.5^dx	p < 0.001
EX (n = 7)	135.9 ± 23.5^y	137.9 ± 34.2^y	146.8 ± 3.4^y	143.1 ± 6.2^y	NS
EX-250 (n = 8)	141.5 ± 17.4^y	136.2 ± 26.7^y	141.6 ± 2.0^y	141.8 ± 4.6^y	NS
EX-500 (n = 8)	141.3 ± 11.7^y	138.9 ± 28.2^y	142.2 ± 3.2^y	141.8 ± 6.6^y	NS
EX-1000 (n = 8)	147.1 ± 10.9^y	142.4 ± 22.3^y	144.9 ± 4.6^y	157.0 ± 6.7^y	NS
p-value^∗∗	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001
Diet intakes (g)
CON (n = 9)	22.1 ± 0.7	23.1 ± 1.1	22.5 ± 1.5	22.7 ± 1.6	NS
EX (n = 7)	22.4 ± 4.2	27.0 ± 8.1	28.4 ± 6.9	28.0 ± 8.1	NS
EX-250 (n = 8)	23.7 ± 2.1	24.2 ± 4.6	25.2 ± 4.8	27.4 ± 7.5	NS
EX-500 (n = 8)	23.6 ± 3.4	26.6 ± 6.3	26.0 ± 5.3	26.8 ± 7.2	NS
EX-1000 (n = 8)	23.6 ± 4.6	27.6 ± 6.3	27.3 ± 6.7	27.7 ± 6.5	NS
p-value^∗∗	NS	NS	NS	NS
Feed efficiency ratio (%)
CON (n = 9)	2.65 ± 0.2^dx	1.93 ± 0.2^cx	1.32 ± 0.3^bx	0.89 ± 0.7^a	p < 0.001
EX (n = 7)	-0.03 ± 0.6^y	0.06 ± 0.3^y	0.06 ± 0.2^y	-0.03 ± 0.2	NS
EX-250 (n = 8)	-0.36 ± 0.7^y	0.07 ± 0.2^y	-0.15 ± 1.4^y	0.22 ± 0.2	NS
EX-500 (n = 8)	-0.21 ± 0.6^y	-0.09 ± 0.2^y	0.32 ± 0.3^y	0.92 ± 1.9	NS
EX-1000 (n = 8)	-0.50 ± 0.0.5^ay	-0.06 ± 0.2^by	0.17 ± 0.2^by	0.10 ± 0.1^b	p < 0.001
p-value^∗∗	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	p < 0.001	NS

¹⁾ Variables (five groups) - CON; contol, EX; STZ-induced diabetes, EX-250, EX-500 and EX-1000 describe oral treatments of black soybean testa extracts with 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1,000 mg/kg for 4 weeks after STZ induction.

Mean values ± SD from triplicate separated experiments are shown.

∗p-values for statistical differences among the periods. Superscript letters of a b c and d on raw represent the difference with p < 0.05. NS; Non Significant.

∗∗p-values for statistical differences among the groups. Superscript letters of x and y on column represent the difference with p < 0.05. NS; Non Significant.

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