Effects of combined intervention of isoflavone supplementation and exercise on bone metabolism in growing rats

Yun-Jung Jung; Mi-Ja Choi

doi:10.4163/jnh.2015.48.2.149

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Jung and Choi: Effects of combined intervention of isoflavone supplementation and exercise on bone metabolism in growing rats

Research Article

J Nutr Health 2015;48(2):149-156.

Published online: 19 January 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2015.48.2.149

Effects of combined intervention of isoflavone supplementation and exercise on bone metabolism in growing rats

Yun-Jung Jung, Mi-Ja Choi^†

Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea

^†To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-53-580-5874, e-mail: choimj@kmu.ac.kr

Received 12 March 2015 Revised 6 April 2015 Accepted 9 April 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose:

This study examined the effects of combined intervention of isoflavones and exercise on bone mineral density, bone mineral content, and biochemical bone markers.

Methods:

Forty rats were divided into four groups; Control, Isoflavones (IF), Isoflavones + Running (IFR), and Isoflavones + Swimming (IFS). All of the rats in this study were fed an experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for nine weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were estimated using PIXImus (GE Lunar Co, Wisconsin.) in spine and femur nine weeks after feeding or training.

Results:

The combined intervention did not affect weight gain, mean food intake, or food efficiency ratio. The serum concentrations of ALP and osteocalcin were not significantly different by combined intervention. The urinary DPD crosslinks values were not significantly different by combined intervention. There were no significant differences in serum PTH, calcitonin, and estradiol among all groups. Spine BMD, spine BMC and femur BMC were not significantly different by combined intervention. However, femur BMD was significantly higher in the IFR group than in the control group. Compared with the control group, spine BMD, spine BMC, and femur BMD per weight were markedly increased in the isoflavones supplementation and combined intervention group. In addition, femur BMC per weight was significantly higher in the IFS group than in the control group. Compared with the isoflavones supplemented group, BMD and BMC were not significantly different by combined intervention.

Conclusion:

It can be concluded that isoflavones supplementation or combined intervention of isoflavone and exercise had a beneficial effect on spine and femur peak bone mass in growing female rats.

Keywords: isoflavones, exercise, combined intervention, bone mineral density, bone mineral content

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Table 1.

Composition of experimental diets (g/kg of diet)

Ingredients	Control	Isoflavones(IF)⁹⁾
Casein¹⁾	200	200
Corn starch	529.5	527.6
Sucrose	100	100
Soybean oil	70	70
α-Cellulose²⁾	50	50
Min-mix³⁾	35	35
Vit-mix⁴⁾	10	10
L-Cystine⁵⁾	3	3
Choline⁶⁾	2.5	2.5
Tert-bultylhydroquinone⁷⁾	0.014	0.014
Isovon compound⁸⁾	.	1.93

¹⁾ Casein high protein (total protein 85%), Teklad Test Diets, Medison, Wisconsin, USA

²⁾ α-Cellulose, Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA

³⁾ AIN-93G-MX, Teklad Test Diets, Medison, Wisconsin, USA

⁴⁾ AIN-93-VM, Teklad Test Diets, Medison, Wisconsin, USA

⁵⁾ L-Cystine, Sigma Chemical CO., St. Louis, MO, USA

⁶⁾ Choline bitartate, Sigma Chemical CO., St. Louis, MO, USA

⁷⁾ Tert-bultyl hydroquione, Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA

⁸⁾ Isovon: Isoflavones compound (total isoflavones 30%: genistein 13.31%, daidzein 7.52%), Pacific Pharmaceuticals Co., Korea

⁹⁾ Isoflavone group: diet with isoflavone 578 mg per kg diet

※ Calorie % of diet - carbohydrate : protein : fat = 64 : 19 : 17

Table 2.

Effects of isoflavones and exercise on weight gains, mean ood intake and food intake efficiency ratio (FER) in growing emale rats

Group	Weight gains (g)	Mean food intake (g/day)	FER
Control	168.7 ± 19.0¹⁾	14.7 ± 1.18	0.205 ± 0.02
IF²⁾	163.9 ± 10.6	13.9 ± 1.21	0.194 ± 0.01
IFR³⁾	165.5 ± 15.4	14.6 ± 0.67	0.207 ± 0.01
IFS⁴⁾	164.0 ± 11.9	14.3 ± 1.08	0.209 ± 0.01

¹⁾ Mean ± SD

²⁾ IF: Isoflavones

³⁾ IFR: Isoflavones + Running

⁴⁾ IFS: Isoflavones + Swimming

Table 3.

Effects of isoflavones and exercise on serum alkalin phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin in growing female rats

Group	ALP(U/L)	Osteocalcin (ng/mL)
Control	58.3 ± 13.5¹⁾	3.35 ± 0.30
IF²⁾	53.3 ± 15.8	4.45 ± 0.38
IFR³⁾	63.8 ± 12.8	3.79 ± 0.25
IFS⁴⁾	55.4 ± 2.8	4.58 ± 0.14

¹⁾ Mean ± SD

²⁾ IF: Isoflavones

³⁾ IFR: Isoflavones + Running

⁴⁾ IFS: Isoflavones + Swimming

Table 4.

Effects of isoflavones and exercise on deoxypyridinoline (DPD), creatinine and crosslinks value in growing female rats

Group	DPD(nM)	Creatinine (mM)	Crosslink value (nM/mM)
Control	508.5 ± 122.4¹⁾	4.3 ± 2.2	135.9 ± 69.2
IF²⁾	417.8 ± 148.5	3.6 ± 1.3	120.1 ± 29.4
IFR³⁾	588.1 ± 203.0	4.4 ± 1.0	155.0 ± 89.9
IFS⁴⁾	450.1 ± 182.3	2.7 ± 1.7	194.3 ± 67.6

¹⁾ Mean ± SD

²⁾ IF: Isoflavones

³⁾ IFR: Isoflavones + Running

⁴⁾ IFS: Isoflavones + Swimming

Table 5.

Effects of isoflavones and exercise on serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin and estradiol in growing female rats

Group	PTH (pg/mL)	Calcitonin (pg/mL)	Estradiol (pg/mL)
Control	11.74 ± 2.33¹⁾	1.64 ± 0.24	233.4 ± 31.9
IF²⁾	14.12 ± 3.87	1.84 ± 0.40	283.9 ± 67.8
IFR³⁾	15.27 ± 4.12	1.53 ± 0.28	274.6 ± 121.8
IFS⁴⁾	13.79 ± 3.04	1.67 ± 0.15	222.3 ± 51.6

¹⁾ Mean ± SD

²⁾ IF: Isoflavones

³⁾ IFR: Isoflavones + Running

⁴⁾ IFS: Isoflavones + Swimming

Table 6.

Effects of isoflavones and exercise on spine bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC)

Group	Spine BMD (g/cm²)	Spine BMC (g)	Spine BMD (g/cm²) /wt (kg)	Spine BMC (g) /wt (kg)
Control	0.143 ± 0.006¹⁾	0.428 ± 0.008	0.59 ± 0.04^a2)	1.75 ± 0.21^a
IF³⁾	0.147 ± 0.008	0.432 ± 0.033	0.66 ± 0.04^b	1.92 ± 0.16^b
IFR⁴⁾	0.153 ± 0.006	0.457 ± 0.028	0.65 ± 0.03^b	1.98 ± 0.09^b
IFS⁵⁾	0.152 ± 0.013	0.443 ± 0.053	0.68 ± 0.06^b	2.01 ± 0.18^b

¹⁾ Mean ± SD

²⁾ Values with different superscripts within the column are significantly different at p<0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

³⁾ IF: Isoflavones

⁴⁾ IFR: Isoflavones + Running 5) IFS: Isoflavones + Swimming

Table 7.

Effects of isoflavones and exercise on femur bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC)

Group	Femur BMD (g/cm²)	Femur BMC (g)	Femur BMD (g/cm²) /wt (kg)	Femur BMC (g) /wt (kg)
Control	0.196 ± 0.004^1)a2)	0.353 ± 0.015	0.79 ± 0.04^a	1.49 ± 0.09^a
IF³⁾	0.198 ± 0.009^ab	0.356 ± 0.022	0.88 ± 0.04^b	1.60 ± 0.08^ab
IFR⁴⁾	0.208 ± 0.007^b	0.367 ± 0.034	0.89 ± 0.06^b	1.59 ± 0.08^ab
IFS⁵⁾	0.201 ± 0.010^ab	0.362 ± 0.034	0.90 ± 0.05^b	1.67 ± 0.13^b

¹⁾ Mean ± SD

²⁾ Values with different superscripts within the column are significantly different at p < 0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

³⁾ IF: Isoflavones

⁴⁾ IFR: Isoflavones + Running 5) IFS: Isoflavones + Swimming

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