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Kim, Jun, and Kim: Anti-obesity effect of Korean Hamcho (Salicornia herbacea L.) powder on high-fat diet-induced obese rats∗
Research Article

J Nutr Health 2015;48(2):123-132.

Published online: 19 January 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2015.48.2.123

Anti-obesity effect of Korean Hamcho (Salicornia herbacea L.) powder on high-fat diet-induced obese rats∗

Mi Joung Kim, Hyun Young Jun, Jung Hee Kim†

Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 139-774, Korea

†To whom correspondence should be addressed. tel: +82-2-970-5646, e-mail: jheekim@swu.ac.kr

∗ This study was supported by a R&D grant of Korea Institute of Planning & Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries (IPET 109147-3).

Received 6 August 2014       Revised 4 September 2014       Accepted 27 February 2015

Copyright © 2015 The Korean Nutrition Society

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose:

The objective of this study was to examine whether Hamcho freeze-dried powder and Hamcho freeze-dried nano powder have an anti-obese effect on high fat diet-induced obese rats.

Methods:

Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 6 different groups, each of which was bred for 8 weeks with a different experimental diet: normal diet group (NC), high fat diet group (HFC), high fat diet + 2% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze-dried powder group (2% HS), high fat diet + 5% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze-dried powder group (5%HS), high fat diet + 1% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze-dried nano powder group (1% HSN), high fat diet + 2% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze-dried nano powder group (2% HSN).

Results:

The 5% HS group showed a weight loss effect in body weight, liver and adipose tissue by reducing the amount of dietary intake and food efficiency ratio. In addition, the 5% HS group showed a significant reduction of serum leptin concentration, while having a beneficial effect on the improvement of lipid metabolism such as increase the serum concentration of adiponectin. However, Hamcho freeze-dried nano powder did not show a weight loss effect.

Conclusion:

Overall data indicated that Hamcho seemed to have anti-obesity effects. In particular, consumption of 5% Hamcho freeze-dried powder might have beneficial effects on body weight, serum adiponectin level, and lipid profiles since it led to reduced body weight and growth of adipose tissues by suppressing dietary intakes. However conduct of further research studies is needed for analysis of active components and biochemical action mechanism of Hamcho.

Keywords: Salicornia herbacea L., anti-obesity effect, lipid profile, leptin, adiponectin

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Fig. 1.
Body weight change
jnh-48-123f1.tif
Table 1.
Composition of experimental diets (%)
Group
Ingredient NC HFC 2% HS 5% HS 1% HNS 2% HNS
Casein 20 20 20 20 20 20
DL-methionine 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Corn starch 29 12.5 10.5 7.5 11.5 10.5
Sucrose 40 40 40 40 40 40
Cellulose 1 1 1 1 1 1
Corn oil 5 5 5 5 5 5
Lard 0 15 15 15 10 10
AIN-mineral Mix1) 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
AIN-vitamin Mix2) 1 1 1 1 1 1
Choline chloride 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Cholesterol - 1 1 1 1 1
Sodium cholate - 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Hamcho freeze-dried powder - - 2 5 - -
Hamcho freeze-dried nano powder - - - - 1 2

NC:normal diet group, HFC: high fat diet group, 2% HS: high fat diet group with 2% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed powder, 5% HS:high fat diet group with 5% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed powder, 1% HSN: high fat diet group with 1% Salicornia herbacea L.freeze dryed nano powder, 2% HSN: high fat diet group with 2% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed nano powder

1) Composition of AIN-76 salt mixture

2) Composition of AIN-76 vitamin mixture

Table 2.
Effect of Salicornia herbacea L. powder on final body weight, food intake and food efficiency ratio1)
Group (n) Final body weight (g) Food intake (g/day) Food efficiency ratio
NC (12) 436.45 ± 30.21 b 20.02 ± 0.33 a 0.144 ± 0.014 b
HFC (11) 477.02 ± 32.00 a 18.64 ± 0.64 c 0.205 ± 0.017 a
2% HS (10) 473.64 ± 36.07 a 18.74 ± 1.04 c 0.196 ± 0.015 a
5% HS (10) 387.90 ± 36.23 c 16.95 ± 1.15 d 0.129 ± 0.033 b
1% HSN (10) 495.88 ± 18.32 a 19.09 ± 0.45 bc 0.210 ± 0.015 a
2% HSN (10) 490.67 ± 16.49 a 19.51 ± 0.43 ab 0.205 ± 0.012 a

(n): number of animals, NC: normal diet group, HFC: high fat diet group, 2% HS: high fat diet group with 2% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed powder, 5% HS: high fat diet group with 5 Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed powder, 1% HSN: high fat diet group with 1% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed nano powder, 2% HSN: high fat diet group with 2% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed nano powder

1) Values are Mean ± SD.

Means with the different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

Table 3.
Effect of Salicornia herbacea L. powder on liver weight, relative liver weight, epididymal white adipose tissue weight and relative epididymal white adipose tissue weight1)
Group (n) Liver weight (g) Relative liver weight (g/100g BW) Epididymal white adipose tissue-left (g) Relative Epididymal white adipose tissue-left (g/100g BW) Epididymal white adipose tissue-right (g) Relative Epididymal white adipose tissue-right (g/100g BW)
NC (12) 12.24 ± 0.92 c 2.82 ± 0.31 c 4.48 ± 0.78 ab 1.03 ± 0.20 a 4.52 ± 0.66 a 1.04 ± 0.18 a
HFC (11) 31.72 ± 2.79 a 6.66 ± 0.58 a 4.32 ± 0.55 ab 0.91 ± 0.10 ab 4.45 ± 0.49 a 0.93 ± 0.08 ab
2% HS (10) 30.03 ± 3.94 a 6.33 ± 0.51 ab 3.99 ± 0.47 b 0.85 ± 0.13 b 4.18 ± 0.50 a 0.89 ± 0.11 b
5% HS (10) 25.44 ± 3.93 b 6.52 ± 0.50 ab 2.46 ± 0.39 c 0.63 ± 0.07 c 2.50 ± 0.51 b 0.64 ± 0.10 c
1% HSN (10) 30.41 ± 2.40 a 6.13 ± 0.39 b 4.23 ± 0.92 ab 0.85 ± 0.18 b 4.42 ± 0.90 a 0.89 ± 0.18 b
2% HSN (10) 31.61 ± 4.02 a 6.43 ± 0.67 ab 4.60 ± 0.38 a 0.94 ± 0.07 ab 4.77 ± 0.49 a 0.97 ± 0.10 ab

(n): number of animals, NC: normal diet group, HFC: high fat diet group, 2% HS: high fat diet group with 2% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed powder, 5% HS: high fat diet group with 5% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed powder, 1% HSN: high fat diet group with 1% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed nano powder, 2% HSN: high fat diet group with 2% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed nano powder

1) Values are Mean ± SD.

Means with the different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

Table 4.
Effect of Salicornia herbacea L. powder on feces weight, feces water and lipid contents1)
Group (n) Feces (g) Feces/Food intake (g/g) Dry feces (g) Water content (%) Triglyceride (mg/g dried feces) Total cholesterol (mg/g dried feces)
NC (10) 1.47 ± 0.77 NS 0.073 ± 0.039 b 1.11 ± 0.53 NS 23.42 ± 10.89 NS 5.41 ± 2.57 b 10.34 ± 4.90 b
HFC (10) 1.97 ± 1.00 0.107 ± 0.056 ab 1.28 ± 0.52 30.26 ± 12.90 25.76 ± 15.24 a 77.01 ± 42.08 a
2% HS (10) 2.32 ± 0.87 0.124 ± 0.045 a 1.42 ± 0.28 35.16 ± 12.30 25.48 ± 8.11 a 80.02 ± 25.63 a
5% HS (10) 2.05 ± 1.17 0.121 ± 0.068 a 1.28 ± 0.60 33.44 ± 10.61 20.07 ± 10.02 a 56.07 ± 31.79 a
1% HSN (10) 1.90 ± 0.75 0.100 ± 0.039 ab 1.23 ± 0.44 32.35 ± 17.27 21.40 ± 9.94 a 63.80 ± 33.80 a
2% HSN (10) 2.30 ± 0.42 0.118 ± 0.023 ab 1.48 ± 0.21 33.31 ± 17.14 26.13 ± 5.31 a 67.79 ± 18.07 a

(n): number of animals, NC: normal diet group, HFC: high fat diet group, 2% HS: high fat die group with 2% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed powder, 5% HS: high fat diet group with 5% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed powder, 1% HSN: high fat diet group with 1% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed nano powder, 2% HSN: high fat diet group with 2% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed nano powder

1) Values are Mean ± SD.

Means with the different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

Table 5.
Effect of Salicornia herbacea L. powder on serum lipid profiles1)
Group (n) Triglyceride (mg/dl) Total cholesterol (mg/dl) HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)
NC (12) 123.10 ± 72.53 a 78.39 ± 19.38 c 54.71 ± 11.99 a
HFC (11) 61.12 ± 15.63 b 117.72 ± 25.22 ab 43.69 ± 17.81 ab
2% HS (10) 57.52 ± 12.25 b 103.99 ± 16.05 bc 38.05 ± 13.82 b
5% HS (10) 49.32 ± 7.74 b 126.85 ± 25.22 ab 53.35 ± 17.01 a
1% HSN (10) 51.37 ± 17.20 b 112.50 ± 20.68 ab 30.95 ± 8.29 b
2% HSN (10) 63.59 ± 21.77 b 137.20 ± 56.34 a 40.49 ± 19.01 ab

(n): number of animals, NC: normal diet group, HFC: high fat diet group, 2% HS: high fat diet group with 2% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed powder, 5% HS: high fat diet group with 5% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed powder, 1% HSN: high fat diet group with 1% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed nano powder, 2% HSN: high fat diet group with 2% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed nano powder

1) Values are Mean ± SD.

Means with the different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

Table 6.
Effect of Salicornia herbacea L. powder on live triglyceride and total cholesterol contents and cytosolic fatty acid synthase level1)
Group (n) Triglyceride (mg/mg homogenate protein) Total cholesterol (mg/mg homogenate protein) Fatty acid synthase (ng/ml)
NC (12) 1.64 ± 0.63 c 0.15 ± 0.05 c 13.02 ± 2.63 a
HFC (11) 2.96 ± 1.07 ab 1.44 ± 0.44 ab 6.97 ± 1.97 b
2% HS (10) 3.09 ± 1.02 ab 1.85 ± 0.53 a 7.27 ± 2.02 b
5% HS (10) 2.28 ± 0.65 bc 1.38 ± 0.48 b 7.90 ± 1.25 b
1% HSN (10) 3.13 ± 0.76 a 1.75 ± 0.43 b 7.49 ± 1.87 b
2% HSN (10) 3.40 ± 1.03 a 1.81 ± 0.58 a 6.60 ± 1.14 b

(n): number of animals, NC: normal diet group, HFC: high fat diet group, 2% HS: high fat diet group with 2% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed powder, 5% HS: high fat diet group with 5% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed powder, 1% HSN: high fat diet group with 1% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed nano powder, 2% HSN: high fat diet group with 2% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed nano powder

1) Values are Mean ± SD.

Means with the different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

Table 7.
Effect of Salicornia herbacea L. powder on serum leptin and adiponectin1)
Group (n) Leptin (pg/dl) Adiponectin (µg/ml)
NC (12) 1,812.52 ± 812.20 a 11.951 ± 2.280 a
HFC (11) 1,274.69 ± 702.78 ab 6.312 ± 1.597 bc
2% HS (10) 790.00 ± 426.40 bc 7.042 ± 1.131 bc
5% HS (10) 237.29 ± 112.10 c 7.612 ± 1.910 b
1% HSN (10) 1,066.00 ± 966.77 b 6.029 ± 1.102 c
2% HSN (10) 880.57 ± 512.00 b 6.707 ± 1.530 bc

(n): number of animals, NC: normal diet group, HFC: high fat diet group, 2% HS: high fat diet group with 2% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed powder, 5% HS: high fat diet group with 5% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed powder, 1% HSN: high fat diet group with 1% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed nano powder, 2% HSN: high fat diet group with 2% Salicornia herbacea L. freeze dryed nano powder

1) Values are Mean ± SD.

Means with the different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05 by Duncan's multiple range test.

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