Dietary maximum exposure assessment of vitamins and minerals from various sources in Korean adolescents

Ji Hye Han; Hyun Sook Lee; Sun Hyo Kim

doi:10.4163/jnh.2013.46.5.447

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Han, Lee, and Kim: Dietary maximum exposure assessment of vitamins and minerals from various sources in Korean adolescents

Research Article

Journal of Nutrition and Health 2013; 46(5): 447-460.

Published online: 31 October 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2013.46.5.447

Dietary maximum exposure assessment of vitamins and minerals from various sources in Korean adolescents

Ji Hye Han^1,^*, Hyun Sook Lee^2,^*, Sun Hyo Kim³

¹Department of Home Economics Education, Graduate School of Kongju National University, Gongju 314-701, Korea.

²Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Dongseo University, Busan 617-716, Korea.

³Department of Technology and Home Economics Education, Kongju National University, Gongju 314-701, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. (shkim@kongju.ac.kr)

Equal contributor:

*These authors contributed equally to this work.

Received 28 August 2013 Revised 20 September 2013 Accepted 27 September 2013

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Dietary supplement use is prevalent and represents an important source of nutrition. This study was conducted in order to assess the dietary maximum exposure of vitamins and minerals from various sources including regular diet, vitamin·mineral supplements for non-prescription drug (VMS-NPD), vitamin·mineral supplements for health functional foods (VMS-HFF), and fortified foods (FF). A total of 1,407 adolescent boys and girls attending middle or high schools were chosen from various cities and rural communities in Korea. Users of vitamin and mineral supplements (n = 60, 15-18 years of age) were chosen from the above 1,407 students. Intake of vitamins and minerals from a regular diet and FF was assessed by both food record method and direct interview for three days of two weekdays and one weekend, and those from VMS-NPD and VMS-HFF were assessed by both questionnaire and direct interview, and compared with the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) and the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for Korean adolescents. Daily average exposure range of vitamins and minerals from a regular diet was 0.3 to 4.4 times of the RNI. Some subjects had an excessive exposure to the UL in the following areas: from regular diets, vitamin A (1.7%) and niacin (5.0%); from only VMS-NPD, vitamin C (9.1%) and iron (5.6%); and from only VMS-HFF, niacin (8.6%) > vitamin B₆ (7.5%) > folic acid (2.9%) > vitamin C (2.3%). Nutrients of daily total intake from regular diet, VMS-NPD, VMS-HFF, and FF higher than the UL included nicotinic acid for 33.3% of subjects, and, then, in order, vitamin C (26.6%) > vitamin A (13.3%), iron (13.3%) > zinc (11.7%) > calcium (5.0%) > vitamin E (1.7%), vitamin B₆ (1.7%). Thus, findings of this study showed that subjects may potentially be at risk due to overuse of supplements, even though most of them took enough vitamins and minerals from their regular diet. Therefore, we should encourage adolescents to have sound health care habits through systematic and educational aspects.

Keywords: vitamin and mineral exposure assessment, tolerable upper intake level (UL), vitamin·mineral supplements, adolescents

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1

Distribution of daily total intakes of vitamin and mineral from various sources including regular diet, vitamin·mineral supplements for non-prescription drug, vitamin·mineral supplements for health functional foods, and fortified foods of the subjects. UL: tolerable upper intake level.23)

Fig. 2

Percentage of each source of daily total maximum intakes (97.5th percentile) of vitamins and minerals from regular diet, vitamin·mineral supplements for non-prescription drug (VMS-NPD), vitamin·mineral supplements for health functional foods (VMS-HFF), and fortified foods (FF) of the subjects. Folic acid was expressed by the ratio of intake from VMS-NPD, VMS-HFF, and fortified foods except regular diet.

Table 1

The usage prevalence of vitamin·mineral supplements for non-prescription drug, vitamin·mineral supplements for health functional foods, and fortified foods by the subjects

1) VMS-NPD: vitamin·mineral supplements for non-prescription drug 2) VMS-HFF: vitamin·mineral supplements for health functional foods

Table 2

Distribution of daily intakes of vitamins and minerals from the regular diet (excluding vitamin·mineral supplements and fortified foods) of the subjects

1) Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans23) for males and females aged 15-18 years. RNI: recommended nutrient intake, UL: tolerable upper intake level 2) Minimum~maximum values 3) For the intakes from supplements and fortified foods except regular diet

Table 3

Distribution of daily intakes of vitamins and minerals from the vitamin·mineral supplements for non-prescription drug of the subjects

1) Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans23) for males and females aged 15-18 years. RNI: recommended nutrient intake, UL: tolerable upper intake level 2) Minimum~maximum values 3) nicotinic acid 4) For the intakes from supplements and fortified foods except regular diet 5) For the intakes from supplements

Table 4

Distribution of daily intakes of vitamins and minerals from the vitamin·mineral supplements for health functional foods of the subjects

1) Dietary Reference Intakes23) for Koreans for males and females aged 15-18 years. RNI: recommended nutrient intake, UL: tolerable upper intake level 2) Minimum~maximum values 3) nicotinic acid 4) For the intakes from supplements and fortified foods except regular diet 5) For the intakes from supplements

Table 5

Distribution of daily intakes of vitamins and minerals from the fortified foods of the subjects

1) Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans23) for males and females aged 15-18 years. RNI: recommended nutrient intake, UL: tolerable upper intake level 2) Minimum~maximum values 3) nicotinamide 4) For the intakes from supplements and fortified foods except regular diet

Table 6

Distribution of daily total intakes of vitamins and minerals from the regular diet, vitamin·mineral supplements for non-prescription drug (VMS-NPD), vitamin·mineral supplements for health functional foods (VMS-HFF), and fortified foods of the subjects

1) Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans23) for males and females aged 15-18 years. RNI: recommended nutrient intake, UL: tolerable upper intake level 2) Minimun~maximun values 3) For the intakes from supplements and fortified foods except regular diet 4) Daily total intake of folic acid from VMS-NPD, VMS-HFF, and fortified foods except regular diet 5) Daily total intake of folic acid from regular diet, VMS-NPD, VMS-HFF, and fortified foods

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