Evaluation of items for the food behavior checklist and nutrition quotient score on children in rural areas of Gyeongbuk

Jung-Sun Yoo; Young-Sun Choi

doi:10.4163/jnh.2013.46.5.427

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Yoo and Choi: Evaluation of items for the food behavior checklist and nutrition quotient score on children in rural areas of Gyeongbuk

Research Article

Journal of Nutrition and Health 2013; 46(5): 427-439.

Published online: 31 October 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2013.46.5.427

Evaluation of items for the food behavior checklist and nutrition quotient score on children in rural areas of Gyeongbuk

Jung-Sun Yoo¹, Young-Sun Choi²

¹Department of Nutrition Education, Graduate School of Education, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 712-714, Korea.

²Department of Food and Nutrition, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 712-714, Korea.

To whom correspondence should be addressed. (yschoi@daegu.ac.kr)

Received 16 August 2013 Revised 16 September 2013 Accepted 23 September 2013

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine whether Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for children, which has been developed from data on urban children, can be applied to children in rural areas. A total of 200 children (108 boys and 92 girls) in fifth and sixth grade at three elementary schools in rural areas of Gyeongbuk participated in the survey conducted during June 2012. Questionnaires consisted of items on food intake frequency and dietary behavior. Food intake data were obtained using the 24-hour recall method, and nutrient intake was calculated using the CAN-Pro 4.0 Program. Percentages of children who took less than the estimated average requirement were 76.5%, 49.5%, 45.5%, 33.5%, and 26.0% for calcium, vitamin C, iron, vitamin A, and folate, respectively. Significant associations were observed between intake frequencies of vegetables, kimchi, and fruits, and intake of vitamin C, folate, and dietary fiber. White milk and legumes showed positive correlation with intake of calcium and vitamin A. Eating breakfast, meal regularity, and diverse side dishes showed positive correlation with intake of folate and calcium. The 19 food checklist items could be categorized according to five factors. The mean NQ score of the subjects was 62.0, which was similar to that of urban children, 64.4. NQ score and factor scores for balance, regularity, and practice were significantly lower in children with lower socioeconomic level as compared to those with higher socioeconomic level. Higher NQ score showed an association with increased intake of vitamin B₂, folate, vitamin C, and calcium. In conclusion, NQ offers a valuable instrument for evaluation of food habit and dietary quality of rural children as well as urban children, and children with low socioeconomic status should be monitored by testing with NQ checklist before implementation of nutrition programs.

Keywords: nutrition quotient, children, food behavior checklist, dietary intake

Figures and Tables

Table 1

General characteristics of the subjects

1) n (%)

Table 2

Anthropometric characteristics of the subjects

1) Mean ± SD

Table 3

Daily nutrient intakes and intakes per 1,000 kcal of the subjects

1) Mean ± SD

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 by t-test

NS: Not significant

Table 4

Pearson correlation coefficients between scores of food frequency checklist items of NQ and dietary nutrient intakes by the children

1) Reverse scoring

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01

Table 5

Pearson correlation coefficients between scores of food behavior checklist items of NQ and dietary nutrient intakes by the children

1) Reverse scoring 2) not used for NQ scoring

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01

Table 6

Factor loading coefficients of 19 NQ checklist items

Table 7

NQ score and factor scores of the children

1) Mean ± SD, range: 0-100

NS: Not significant

Table 8

Correlation coefficients between NQ and each factor score

1) Pearson correlation coefficients

^***: p <0.001

Table 9

Comparison of NQ scores and scores of factors according to paternal and maternal education

1) Mean ± SD, range: 0-100

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001 by t-test

Table 10

Comparison of NQ scores and scores of factors between children with normal weight and overweight·obese children

1) BMI percentile ≥5, < 85 2) BMI percentile ≥ 85 3) Mean ± SD, range: 0-100

^*: p < 0.05 by t-test

Table 11

Percentage of intake level to recommended intake or adequate intake according to NQ grade

Lowest grade: NQ percentile < 10% (0-47.5 points), Low grade: 10%≤ NQ percentile < 25% (47.6-56.4 points), Medium grade: 25% ≤ NQ percentile < 75% (56.5-73.7 points), High grade: 75% ≤ NQ percentile < 90% (73.8-80.9 points), Highest grade: NQ percentile ≥ 90% (81.0-100 points)

1) Mean ± SD 2) abc: Different alphabets are significantly different by Duncan's multiple test (p < 0.05).

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