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Abstract
Caloric restriction is recognized as one of the best treatment options for obesity, and is associated with changes in body composition. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of age in caloric restriction in overweight and obese women. In this caloric restriction study, nutrient intake of 61 women was evaluated using food records written by subjects for three days. Body composition and metabolic risk factors were assessed before and after caloric restriction. Blood levels of lipids, glucose, leptin, and adiponectin were measured. Visceral fat and subcutaneous fat were evaluated using bioimpedance analysis. General linear models (GLM) identified the independent effects of age after co-varying baseline weight and difference of energy intake. Weight, fat mass, visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, and blood pressure showed a significant decrease by caloric restriction of 452 kcal/day. The percent changes in weight, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat were −4.5%, −12.0%, and −8.2%, respectively, after caloric restriction. The percent changes of weight, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat showed an independent association with age co-varying baseline weight and difference of energy intake. Decreased change in percent of leptin by caloric restriction also showed an association with age. Changes in body composition and leptin by caloric restriction showed an independent association with age. This may indicate greater difficulty in achievement of change of body composition as well as greater obesity-related metabolic risk with aging. Therefore, caloric restriction considering age should be recommended for effective dietary treatment in overweight or obese women. (J Nutr Health 2013; 46(5): 410 – 417)
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Fig. 1.
The association of age with difference of energy intakes (A) and difference of goal energy intakes (B) after caloric restriction.
Fig. 2.
Residual of body composition percent changes after adjustment for baseline weight and difference of energy intakes according to the regression equation. Percent change of weight (●) = −10.80–0.02* (baseline weight) + 0.02* (difference of energy intakes), Change percent of subcutaneous fat (▲) = −19.93–0.04* (baseline weight) + 0.06* (difference of energy intakes), Change percent of visceral fat (■) = −24.08–0.01* (baseline weight) + 0.11* (difference of energy intakes) as a function of age (years). Solid, dashed and solid-dashed lines represent percent changes of visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, and weight, respectively.
Fig. 3.
Residual of leptin percent changes after adjustment for baseline weight and difference of energy intakes according to the regression equation. Leptin = −138.45 + 1.00* (baseline weight) + 0.05* (difference of energy intakes) as a function of age (years).
Table 1.
Descriptive data and anthropometric data before and after caloric restriction
| Baseline | After caloric restriction | Change percent | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 38.1 ± 11.5 | 38.1 ± 11.5 | – |
| Height (cm) | 158.5 ± 5.5 | 158.5 ± 5.5 | – |
| Weight (kg) | 68.2 ± 10.4 | 65.1 ± 10.0** | –4.5 ± 3.8 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.2 ± 3.2 | 25.7 ± 3.1** | –4.5 ± 3.8 |
| Waist (cm) | 82.2 ± 10.3 | 79.4 ± 10.6** | –3.4 ± 4.9 |
| LBM (kg) | 44.4 ± 5.6 | 43.2 ± 5.9* | –2.9 ± 3.7 |
| Fat percent (%) | 33.3 ± 5.5 | 32.2 ± 3.7** | –1.9 ± 13.6 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 24.4 ± 8.0 | 21.5 ± 5.6** | –9.0 ± 16.5 |
| Vfat (kg) | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 2.5 ± 1.0** | –12.0 ± 11.1 |
| Sfat (kg) | 20.3 ± 5.1 | 18.6 ± 5.1** | –8.2 ± 6.9 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 122.1 ± 13.2 | 114.4 ± 13.4** | –6.2 ± 6.8 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73.2 ± 8.4 | 68.8 ± 8.6** | –5.6 ± 10.2 |
Table 2.
Daily nutrients intakes before and after caloric restriction
| Baseline | After caloric restriction | Change percent | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calorie (kcal) | 1812.4 ± 396.2 | 1360.5 ± 288.5** | –22.3 ± 19.3 |
| CHO (g) | 259.3 ± 55.6 | 200.3 ± 54.0** | –20.1 ± 23.3 |
| Protein (g) | 75.7 ± 22.2 | 56.8 ± 12.8** | –20.0 ± 30.7 |
| Fat (g) | 53.4 ± 20.1 | 36.2 ± 10.7** | –24.5 ± 19.9 |
| CHO: Pro: Fat | 57.0: 16.6: 26.4 | 59.2: 16.8: 24.1 | – |
| Fiber (g) | 20.4 ± 5.9 | 18.2 ± 4.5* | –5.5 ± 29.4 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 311.6 ± 123.4 | 243.9 ± 106.8* | 0.1 ± 102.7 |
| Ca (mg) | 594.3 ± 270.9 | 530.5 ± 197.3 | 1.9 ± 52.5 |
| Fe (mg) | 14.9 ± 6.7 | 11.3 ± 2.9** | –16.4 ± 26.6 |
| Zn (mg) | 8.9 ± 2.2 | 6.6 ± 1.6** | –22.6 ± 23.5 |
| Vit A (μ gRE) | 940.7 ± 379.1 | 848.6 ± 249.8 | –0.1 ± 41.9 |
| Vit B1 (mg) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.2* | –5.6 ± 35.3 |
| Vit B2 (mg) | 1.4 ± 1.4 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | –2.6 ± 43.8 |
| Vit B6 (mg) | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.4** | –15.8 ± 25.0 |
| Niacin (mg) | 17.3 ± 5.7 | 14.9 ± 4.3* | –5.3 ± 40.6 |
| Vit C (mg) | 109.1 ± 54.7 | 85.4 ± 19.2* | –3.2 ± 45.7 |
| Folate (μ g) | 271.5 ± 98.7 | 227.9 ± 77.8* | –11.3 ± 28.4 |
| Vit E (mg) | 15.3 ± 4.7 | 11.2 ± 4.8** | –16.4 ± 45.4 |
Table 3.
Blood parameters before and after caloric restriction
| Baseline | After caloric restriction | Change percent | |
|---|---|---|---|
| TG (mg/dL) | 106.8 ± 60.3 | 98.0 ± 67.1 | –2.2 ± 40.7 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 198.9 ± 36.4 | 196.9 ± 33.0 | 0.4 ± 12.4 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 58.0 ± 15.6 | 57.7 ± 13.0 | 2.1 ± 18.2 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 125.6 ± 37.6 | 126.8 ± 32.4 | 5.7 ± 23.1 |
| GPT (Units) | 21.7 ± 15.8 | 18.3 ± 10.3* | –3.4 ± 42.1 |
| FBS (mg/dL) | 86.2 ± 8.8 | 85.9 ± 9.1 | 0.1 ± 9.9 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 10.3 ± 4.2 | 9.5 ± 4.6 | –0.2 ± 45.3 |
| Adiponectin (ng/mL) | 7.9 ± 4.1 | 12.5 ± 8.6** | 56.0 ± 77.6 |
Table 4.
Independent association of difference of energy intakes with changes of weight, subcutaneous fat, and visceral fat
| Variables | Weight change | Sfat change | Vfat change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Difference of energy intakes | –0.001 ± 0.0009 | –0.002 ± 0.001 | –0.0001 ± 0.0001 |
| Age | 0.13 ± 0.05** | 0.09 ± 0.04* | 0.02 ± 0.005** |
| Baseline | –0.04 ± 0.03 | –0.14 ± 0.08 | –0.199 ± 0.04** |
| Intercept | –5.92 ± 3.12 | –3.01 ± 2.72 | –0.42 ± 0.25 |
| R2 | 0.31 | 0.20 | 0.43 |
| s.e.e. | 2.49 | 2.81 | 0.34 |
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