PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
Abstract
Acolonic polyp is a circumscribed mass of tissue that projects above the surface of the intestinal mucosa, which may be classified as either pedunculated or sessile, depending on whether or not it contains a discrete stalk, and according to the size and type. It has been believed that colorectal cancer evolves from a precursor lesion, the adenomatous polyp. The introduction of colonoscopy in the early 1970s, followed by the demonstration of the feasibility of colonoscopic polypectomy, provided the technology for the application of this concept to clinical practice. Colorectal cancer can be prevented through examination of the entire colon and identification of a polyp to be resected. According to the National Polyp Study in the USA, the incidence of colorectal cancer is reduced by 76~90% following colonoscopic polypectomy. Colonoscopy and polypectomy, when performed by adequately trained physicians, is a safe and effective procedure that can decrease deaths resulting from colorectal cancer.
References
1. Nagasako K. Colonoscopic interpretation. 1988. 1st ed. Tokyo: lgakushoin.
2. Rubio CA, Jaramillo E, Lindblom A, Fogt F. Classification of colorectal polyps : guidelines for the endoscopist. Endoscopy. 2002. 34:226–236.
3. Macrae FA, Young GP. Yamada T, editor. Neoplastic and nonneoplastic polyps of the colon and rectum. Textbook of gastroenterology. Volume 2. 1999. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott. Williams Wilkins;1965–1994.
4. Jackman RJ, Mayo CW. The adenoma-carcinoma sequence in cancer of the colon. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1951. 93:327–330.
5. Spratt JS Jr, Ackerman LV. Small primary adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum. JAMA. 1962. 179:337–346.
6. Eide TJ. Risk of colorectal cancer in adenoma bearing individuals within a defined population. Int J Cancer. 1986. 38:173–176.
7. Williams AR, Balasooriya BA, Day DW. Polyps and cancer of large bowel : a necropsy study in Liverpool. Gut. 1982. 23:835–842.
8. Eide TJ. Natural history of adenoma. World J Surg. 1991. 15:3–6.
9. Zauber AG, Winawer SJ. Initial management and follow up surveillance of patients with colorectal adenomas. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1997. 26:85–102.
10. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, O'Brien MJ, Ho MN, Gottlieb LS, Waye JD, et al. Randomized comparison of surveillance intervals after colonoscopic removal of newly diagnosed adenomatous polyps. N Engl J Med. 1993. 328:901–906.
11. Stryker SJ, Wolff BG, Culp CE, Libbe SD, Ilstrup DM, Maccarty RL. Natural history of untreated colonic polyps. Gastroenterology. 1987. 93:1009–1013.
12. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, O'Brien MJ, Gottlieb LS, Sternberg SS, Stewart ET, et al. The national polyp study : Design, methods, and characteristics of patients with newly diagnosed polyps. Cancer. 1992. 70:1236–1245.
13. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MN, O'Brain MJ, Gottlieb LS, Sternberg SS, et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. N Engl J Med. 1993. 329:1977–1981.
14. Demling L, Elster K, Koch H, Rosch W. Endoscopy and biopsy of esophagus, stomach and duodenum. A color atlas. 1982. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders.
15. Kamiya T, Morishita T, Asakura H, Miura S, Munakata Y, Tsuchiya M. Long-term follow-up study on gastric adenoma and its relation to gastric protruded carcinoma. Cancer. 1982. 50:2496–2503.
16. Muto T, Kamiya J, Sawada T, Konishi F, Sugihara K, Kubota Y, et al. Small Flat adenoma of the large bowel with special reference to its clinicopathologic features. Dis Colon Rectum. 1985. 28:847–851.
21. Iishi H, Tatsuta M, Tsutasui S, Imanishi K, Otani T, Okuda S, et al. Early depressed adenocarcinomas of the large intestine. Cancer. 1992. 69:2406–2410.
22. Kudo S. Endoscopic mucosal resection of flat and depressed types of early colorectal cancer. Endoscopy. 1993. 25:455–461.
23. Kudo S. Early colorectal cancer. Detection of depressed types of colorectal cancer. 1996. 1st ed. Tokyo: Igakushoin;50–53.
26. Kudo S. Early colorectal cancer. Detection of depressed types of colorectal cancer. 1996. 1st ed. Tokyo: Igakushoin;34–36.
27. ASGE. Position statement on laboratory testing before ambulatory elective endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999. 50:906–909.
28. ASGE. Guideline on the management of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy for endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998. 48:672–675.
29. Hsu CW, Imperiale TF. Meta-analysis and cost comparison of polypethylene glycol lavage versus sodium phosphate for colonoscopy preparation. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998. 48:276–282.
30. Waye JD. Endoscopic mucosal resection of colon polyps. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001. 11:537–548.
31. Van Gossum A, Cozzoli A, Adler M, Taton G, Cremer M. Colonoscopic snare polypectomy : analysis of 1485 resections comparing two types of current. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992. 38:472–475.
32. Waye JD. Techniques of polypectomy : hot biopsy forceps and snare polypectomy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1987. 82:615–618.
34. Waye JD, Lewis BS, Frankel A, Geller SA. Small colon polyps. Am J Gastroenterol. 1988. 83:120–122.
35. Waye JD. Saline injection colonoscopic polypectomy editorial. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994. 89:305–306.
36. Axelrad AM, Fleischer D, Geller AJ, Nguyen CC, Lewis JH, Al-Kawas FH, et al. High-resolution chromoendoscopy for the diagnosis of diminutive colon polyps : Implications for colon cancer screening. Gastroenterology. 1996. 110:1253–1258.
37. Shirai M, Nakamura T, Matsuura A, Ito Y, Kobayashi S. Safer colonoscopic polypectomy with local submucosal injection of hypertonic saline-epinephrine solution. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994. 89:334–338.
38. Uno Y, Munakata A. The non-lifting sign of invasive colon cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994. 40:485–489.
39. Stein BL, Coller JA. Management of malignant colorectal polyps. Surg Clin North Am. 1993. 73:47–66.
40. Waye JD. New method of polypectomy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 1997. 7:413–422.
41. Nelson D. Colonoscopy and polypectomy. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2002. 16:867–874.
42. Morson BC. Factors influencing the prognosis of early cancer of the rectum. Proc R Soc Med. 1966. 59:607–608.
43. Fenoglio CM, Kaye GI, Lane N. Distribution of human colonic lymphatics in normal, hyperplastic and adenomatous tissue. Its relationship to metastasis from small carcinomas in pedunculated adenomas. Gastroenterology. 1973. 64:51–56.
44. Karita M, Tada M, Okita K. The successive strip biopsy partial resection technique for large early gastric and colon cancers. Gastrointest Endosc. 1992. 38:174–178.
45. Muto T, Ishikawa K, Kino I, Nakamura K, Sugano HH. Comparative histologic study of adenomas of the large intestine in Japan and England with special reference to malignant potential. Dis Colon Rectum. 1977. 20:11–16.
46. Nivatvongs S, Goldberg SM. Management of patients who have polyps containing invasive carcinoma removed via colonoscope. Dis Colon Rectum. 1978. 21:8–11.
47. Tada M, Inoue H, Yabata E, Okabe S, Endo M. Colonic mucosal resection using a transparent capfitted endoscope. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996. 44:63–65.
48. Rex DK, Smith JJ, Ulbright TM, Lehman GA. Distal colonic hyperplastic polyps do not predict proximal adenomas in asymptomatic average risk subjects. Gastroenterology. 1992. 102:317–319.
49. Morson BC, Konishi F. Contribution of the pathologist to the radiology and management of colorectal polyps. Gastrointest Radiol. 1982. 7:275–281.
50. Matek W, Guggenmoos-Holzman I, Demling L. Follow up of patients with colorectal adenomas. Endoscopy. 1985. 17:175–181.
51. Waye JD, Braunfeld SF. Surveillance interval after colonoscopic polypectomy. Endoscopy. 1982. 14:79–81.
52. Bond JH. Polyp Guide lines: diagnosis treatment and surveillance for patients with non familial colorectal polyps. Ann Intern Med. 1993. 119:836–843.
53. ASGE. Guidelines for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000. 51:777–782.
XML Download