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초록
Europe has taken many political actions since 1999 to better control antimicrobial resistance and use, in-cluding two European Council Recommendations and actions taken by numerous European Union (EU) presidencies. These presidencies triggered many public health and research actions in the EU. Europe developed several very successful surveillance programmes on antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use, both currently coordinated by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). These surveillance programmes were able to identify emerging problems of antibiotic resistance and targets for quality improvement of antimicrobial use; they also conducted impact assessments of campaigns to reduce antibiotic use and increase hand hygiene. The public antibiotic awareness campaigns were very successful in reducing antibiotic use and resistance in countries like Belgium and France. The successes of these campaigns inspired ECDC to launch an annual European Antibiotic Awareness Day on November 18, 2008. The hand hygiene campaigns resulted in a dramatic decrease of MRSA infections in many EU Member States. However, ESBL- producing Gram-negative bacteria and Carbapenem- resistant Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenters are increasing in most EU countries. Finally, the EU is investing hundreds of millions of EUROs in a Public Private Partnership (PPP), called the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI). An important initiative of IMI is the launch of the Combating Antibiotic Resistance NewDrugs4BadBugs programme. The goal of this new research programme is to create an innovative and collaborative PPP-based approach that will positively impact all aspects of the antimicrobial resistance is-sue, from the discovery of novel products to Phase 1-3 clinical trials.
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