Development of the Hope Scale for Korean Cancer Patients

Young Sook Tae; Yooun Sook Choi; Gum Hee Nam; Ju Young Bae

doi:10.7475/kjan.2017.29.2.211

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Tae, Choi, Nam, and Bae: Development of the Hope Scale for Korean Cancer Patients

Original Article

Korean J Adult Nurs 2017;29(2):211-223.

Published online: 9 April 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2017.29.2.211

Development of the Hope Scale for Korean Cancer Patients

Young Sook Tae, Ph.D, RN^1,, Yooun Sook Choi, MSN, APN², Gum Hee Nam, MSN, APN³, Ju Young Bae, Ph.D., RN⁴

¹Professor, College of Nursing, Kosin University, Busan, Korea

²Head Nurse, Dongnam Institute of Radiological • Medical Sciences, Busan, Korea

³Researcher, Research Institute of Wholistic Nursing Science, Kosin University, Busan, Korea

⁴Nurse, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea

Corresponding author: Tae, Young Sook College of Nursing, Kosin University, 262 Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Korea. Tel: +82-51-990-3954~6, Fax: +82-51-990-3031, E-mail: taehope@kosin.ac.kr

- This study was supported by the research fund of Kosin University in 2015.

Received 14 March 20174 April 2017 Accepted 25 April 2017

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study was designed to develop and test the Hope Scale for Korean cancer patients.

Methods

The process for the development of the Hope Test was a selection of initial items drawn from a literature review and in-depth interviews. The selected items were assessed for content validity by experts. The Hope Scale was com-prised of five factors and 30 preliminary items. The preliminary Hope Scale for Korean Cancer Patients (HS_KCP) was administered to 259 cancer patients from one university hospital and one cancer hospital in Busan. Data were analyzed using item analysis, factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's ⍺.

Results

Eighteen items were selected for the final scale. Five factors (inner sense of control, trust and expectation for recovery of disease, interconnection, spirituality, emotional despair) evolved from the factor analysis, which explained 63.3% of the total variance. The convergent & discriminent validity was r=.83 (p<.001), r=-73 (p<.001). The internal consistency, Cronbach's ⍺ was .88 and reliability of the subscales ranged from .54 to .85.

Conclusion

The Hope Scale for Korean cancer patients demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability. It can be used to assess the hope of cancer patients and is feasible within a clinical setting.

Keywords: Hope, Neoplasms, Factor analysis, Validation studies

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Table 1.

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participants (N=259)

Characteristics	Categories	n (%) or M± SD
Gender	Male	120 (40.6)
Gender	Female	175 (59.4)
Age (year)(n=236)		55.16±11.58
	＜40	26 (10.0)
	40~49	55 (21.2)
	50~59	84 (32.4)
	60~69	67 (25.9)
	≥70	4 (1.5)
Marital status (n=257)	Unmarried	14 (5.4)
	Married	203 (79.0)
	Widowed, divorced	40 (15.6)
Religion	None	100 (38.6)
	Christian, Catholic	69 (26.6)
	Buddhism	83 (32.0)
	Others	7 (2.8)
Educational level completed	≤ Elementary school	25 (9.7)
	Junior high school	47 (18.1)
	High school	112 (43.2)
	≥ College or university	75 (29.0)
Job	Housewife	98 (37.8)
	Office job, professionals	59 (22.8)
	Labor worker, farmer	29 (11.2)
	Others	73 (28.2)
Economic status	Very poor	20 (7.7)
	Poor	57 (22.0)
	Moderate	124 (47.9)
	Rich	56 (21.6)
	Very rich	2 (0.8)
Diagnosis	Stomach cancer	13 (5.0)
	Sigmoid, colorectal cancer	25 (9.7)
	Liver cancer	17 (6.6)
	Breast cancer	83 (32.0)
	Uterine cancer	17 (6.6)
	Lung cancer	33 (12.7)
	Hemato-malignancy	38 (14.7)
	Others	33 (12.7)
Type of treatment (n=257)	Chemotherapy	145 (56.4)
	Radiation	33 (12.8)
	Immune	8 (3.1)
	Surgery	23 (8.9)
	Others	14 (5.4)
	Chemotherapy and radiation	22 (8.6)
	Chemotherapy and surgery	12 (4.8)
Duration since diagnosis made (year)	＜1	153 (59.1)
	1~2	63 (24.3)
	≥3	43 (16.6)
Recurrence	Yes	72 (27.8)
Recurrence	No	187 (72.2)

Table 2.

Factor Analysis

Item No.	Item contents	Factor loading
Item No.	Item contents	F1	F2	F3	F4	F5
3	I feel comfortable these days.	.71	.29	-.07	.06	.13
7	I think my body is feeling better.	.69	.35	.24	-.04	.02
29	I feel that I am living a lively lifestyle these days.	.67	.15	.13	.16	.30
25	I have felt that my face is bright and pleasant.	.67	.16	.13	.28	.17
24	I have a specific purpose in my life.	.60	.22	.24	.27	.14
20	I feel satisfied and thankful for my life now.	.59	.21	.21	.17	.26
2	I am actively following my doctor's treatment plan.	.20	.75	.06	-.10	-.02
16	I think that the medical staff's detailed explanation is a great help to me.	.09	.67	.43	.16	.13
10	I am encouraged by the medical staff who say my health is improving.	.30	.67	.27	.13	.08
18	I wish that my illness can be cured by seeing other patients get better.	.19	.65	.08	.32	.06
1	I believe that I can recover from my illness.	.35	.64	-.06	.01	.23
5	I have a family or a friend who cares about me and cares for me.	.39	.06	.74	-.01	-.06
15	I am empowered by responsibilities for my family (son/daughter, spouse, and parents).	-.12	.17	.70	.11	.30
6	I think my life is precious and valuable	.47	.20	.65	.04	.04
11	I can overcome reality with power of faith.	.09	.12	.10	.80	.17
27	I have a desire for afterlife.	.29	.04	-.01	.81	-.14
9	I think my future is uncertain.	.21	.01	.10	-.04	.80
14	My present condition is hopeless and painful.	.27	.19	.07	.09	.67
Eigen value		6.47	1.42	1.27	1.21	1.01
Explained variance (%)		35.93	7.90	7.08	6.75	5.61
Accumulative variance (%)		35.93	43.83	50.91	57.65	63.26

Table 3.

Convergent Validity and Discriminant Validity

Variables	Beck hopelessness scale	Herth hope index
Variables	r (p)	r (p)
Hope scale (HS_KCP)	-.73 (＜.001)	.83 (＜.001)

HS_KCP=hope scale for korean cancer patients.

Table 4.

Internal Consistency of HS_KCP

Sub-scale	Item No.	No. of Final items	Cronbach's ⍺
Inner sense of control	3, 7, 29, 25, 24, 20	6	.85
Trust and expectations for recovery of diseases	2, 16, 10, 18, 1	5	.80
Interconnection	5, 15, 6	3	.67
Spirituality	11.27	2	.66
Emotional despair	9,14	2	.54
Total		18	.88

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