Journal List > Korean J Adult Nurs > v.28(5) > 1076420

Jo, Han, Lee, and Kim: Influencing Effects of Type D Personality on Symptom Experiences and Quality of Life in Patients with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the influencing effects of type D personality on symptom experiences and quality of life in percutaneous coronary intervention patients.

Methods

A descriptive, cross-sectional study design was used. A total of 158 patients with percutaneous coronary intervention participated in this study, between July 1 and November 1, 2015. Data were analyzed by means, standard deviations, t-test, x2 test, ANCOVA, and stepwise multiple regression analysis using SPSS 22.0 program.

Results

About 53.8% of participants were classified as type D personality. The type D personality group reported statistically significantly higher symptom experience, lower cardiac function, and lower cardiovascular-specific quality of life compared to non-type D personality group. On stepwise multiple regression, the most significant factor of quality of life was symptom experiences (adjusted R2=.25, p<.001), followed by type D personality (adjusted R2=.31, p<.001).

Conclusion

Personality trait assessment is recommended for patients with percutaneous coronary intervention to assess symptom experiences and quality of life. In addition, development of nursing intervention might be beneficial to manage symptom experience and quality of life in percutaneous coronary intervention patients with type D personality.

REFERENCES

1.Fernandez RS., Davidson P., Griffiths R., Juergens C., Salamonson Y. Development of a health-related lifestyle self-management intervention for patients with coronary heart disease. Heart & Lung. 2009. 38(6):491–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2009.01.008.
crossref
2.Statistics Korea. 2015 Annual report on the cause of death statistics [Internet]. Daejeon: Statistics Korea;2015. [cited 2016 October 8]. Available from:. http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/2/6/2/index.board?bmode=.
3.Statistics Korea. Health insurance major surgery statistics [Internet]. Daejeon: Statistics Korea;2016. [cited 2016 October 8] Available from:. http://kostat.go.kr/wnsearch/search.jsp.
4.Smith SC., Allen J., Blair SN., Bonow RO., Brass LM., Fonarow GC, et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update. Circulation. 2006. 113:2363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174516.
crossref
5.Park JH., Bae SH. A systematic review of psychological distress as a risk factor for recurrent cardiac events in patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2011. 41(5):704–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2011.41.5.704.
crossref
6.Staniute M., Brozaitiene J., Burkauskas J., Kazukauskiene N., Mickuviene N., Bunevicius R. Type D personality, mental distress, social support and health-related quality of life in coronary artery disease patients with heart failure: a longitudinal observational study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2015. 13:1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12955-014-0204-2.
crossref
7.Pedersen SS., Lemos PA., van Vooren PR., Liu TK., Daemen J., Erdman RA, et al. Type D personality predicts death or myocardial infarction after bare metal stent or sirolimus-eluting stent implantation: a rapamycin-eluting stent evaluated at rotterdam cardiology hospital (RESEARCH) registry substudy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2004. 44(5):997–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2004.05.064.
crossref
8.Williams L., O'Connor RC., Grubb NR., O'Carroll RE. Type D personality and three-month psychosocial outcomes among patients post-myocardial infarction. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2012. 72:722–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.02.007.
crossref
9.Denollet J. Type D personality: a potential risk factor refined. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2000. 49(4):255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(00)00177-X.
10.Denollet J. DS14: standard assessment of negative affectivity, social inhibition, and type D personality. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2005. 67(1):89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000149256.81953.49.
crossref
11.Wiliams L., O'Connor RC., Howard S., Hughes BM., Johnston DS., Hay JL, et al. Type-D personality mechanisms of effect: the role of health-related behavior and social support. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2008. 64(1):63–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.06.008.
crossref
12.Pederson SS., van Domburg RT., Theuns DA., Jordaens L., Erd-manm RA. Type D personality is associated with increased anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator and their partner. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2004. 66:714–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000132874.52202.21.
13.Pedersen SS., Middel B. Increased vital exhaustion among type-D patients with ischemic heart disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2001. 51(2):443–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00203-3.
crossref
14.Choi KJ. A study on stress, coping strategy, and depression in the patients having percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. [master's thesis]. Seoul: Yonsei University;2001.
15.Son YJ., Song EK. The life style and quality of life according to the pattern of type D personality in patients with hypertension. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing. 2007. 19(4):644–55.
16.Wong MS., Chair SY. Changes in health-related quality of life following percutaneous coronary intervention: a longitudinal study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2005. 44:1334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.07.011.
crossref
17.Hwang SJ. Symptom clusters and quality of life changes according to recovery periods of heart valve surgery patients. [dissertation]. Jeonju: Chonbuk University;2015.
18.Lim EH., Lee MS., Ko YH., Park YM., Joe SH., Kim YK, et al. Assessment of the type D personality construct in the Korean population: a validation study of the Korean DS14. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2011. 26(1):116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2011.26.1.116.
crossref
19.Armstrong TS. Symptoms experience: a concept analysis. Oncology Nursing Forum. 2003. 30(4):601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1188/03.ONF.601-606.
crossref
20.Nieveen JL., Zimmerman LM., Barnason SA., Yates BC. Development and content validity testing of the cardiac symptom survey in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting. Heart & Lung. 2008. 37(1):17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2006.12.002.
crossref
21.Lee EH., Moon SM., Tahk SJ., Kim SH. Quality of life in patients with chronic cardiovascular disease. Journal of Korean Academy of Adult Nursing. 2007. 19:12–23.
22.The Criteria Committee for the New York Heart Association. Nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis of disease of the heart and the great vessels (Ninth Edition). 1994. p. 253–5. Boston: Little Brown and Company.
23.Pedersen SS., Daemen J., van De SM., Sonnenschein K., Serruys PW., Erdman RA, et al. Type-D personality exerts a stable, adverse effect on vital exhaustion in PCI patients treated with paclitaxeleluting stents. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2007. 62(4):447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.12.015.
crossref
24.Pedersen SS., Denollet J., Ong A., Serruys PW., Erdman RA., van Domburg RT. Impaired health status in type D patients following PCI in the drug-eluting stent era. International Journal of Cardiology. 2007. 114(3):358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.12.018.
crossref
25.Son HM. Quality of life and illness intrusiveness by type-D personality in the patients with coronary artery disease. Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing. 2009. 39(3):349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2009.39.3.349.
crossref
26.Isaksson RM., Holmgren L., Lundblad D., Brulin C., Eliasson M. Time trends in symptoms and prehospital delay time in women vs. men with myocardial infarction over a 15-year period. The Northern Sweden MONICA Study. European Journal Cardiovascular Nursing. 2008. 7:152–58.
crossref
27.Park IS., Song RU., Ahn SH., So HY., Kim HL., Joo KO. Factors explaining quality of life in individuals with coronary artery disease. Journal Korean Academy of Nursing. 2008. 38(6):866–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2008.38.6.866.
crossref
28.Glymour MM. Alcohol and cardiovascular disease. British Medical Journal. 2014. 349:g4334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g4334.
crossref
29.Mols F., Denollet J. Type D personality in the general population: a systematic review of health status, mechanisms of disease, and work-related health problems. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2010. 8:1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-8-9.
30.Denollet J., van Heck G. Psychological risk factors in heart disease: what type D personality is (not) about. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2001. 51:465–8.

Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics between Type D Personality Group and Non-type D Personality Group (N=158)
Variables Characteristics Categories Total Type D (n=85) Non-type D (n=73) x2 or t p
n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD n (%) or M±SD
Demographic characteristics Gender Male 113 (71.5) 66 (77.6) 47 (64.4) 3.39 .078
Female 45 (28.5) 19 (22.4) 26 (35.6)    
Age (year)   62.0±12.4 61.5±12.4 62.5±12.5 -0.47 .643
Marital status Married 139 (88.0) 76 (89.4) 63 (86.3) 0.36 .627
Not married 19 (12.0) 9 (10.6) 10 (13.7)    
Religion Yes 66 (41.8) 30 (35.3) 36 (49.3) 3.17 .079
No 92 (58.2) 55 (64.7) 37 (50.7)    
Education ≤Elementary school 57 (36.1) 28 (32.9) 29 (39.7) 5.88 .120
Junior high school 33 (20.9) 14 (16.5) 19 (26.0)    
High school 25 (15.8) 18 (21.2) 7 (9.6)    
≥College 43 (27.2) 25 (29.4) 18 (24.7)    
Clinical characteristics Diagnosis Myocardial infarction 90 (57.0) 52 (61.2) 38 (52.1) 1.33 .263
Angina 68 (43.0) 33 (38.8) 35 (47.9)    
LVEF (%)   54.9±12.5 50.1±60.6 60.6±12.1 -5.72 <.001
Cardiac function I 26 (16.5) 4 (4.7) 22 (30.1) 21.98 <.001
II 32 (20.3) 17 (20.0) 15 (20.5)    
III 59 (37.3) 34 (40.0) 25 (34.2)    
IV 41 (25.9) 30 (35.3) 11 (15.1)    
Smoking Yes 48 (30.4) 25 (29.4) 23 (31.5) 0.08 .863
No 110 (69.6) 60 (70.6) 50 (68.5)    
Drinking Yes 60 (38.0) 30 (35.3) 30 (41.1) 0.56 .512
No 98 (62.0) 55 (64.7) 43 (58.9)    
Hypertension Yes 77 (48.7) 37 (43.5) 40 (54.8) 2.00 .202
No 82 (51.3) 48 (56.5) 33 (45.2)    
Hyperlipidemia Yes 31 (19.6) 16 (18.8) 15 (20.5) 0.07 .842
No 127 (80.4) 69 (81.2) 58 (79.5)    
Diabetes mellitus Yes 48 (30.4) 26 (30.6) 22 (30.1) 0.01 .100
No 110 (69.6) 59 (69.4) 51 (69.9)    

LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction.

Table 2.
Comparison of Symptom Experience and Quality of Life between Type D Personality Group and Non-type D Personality Group (N=158)
Variables Total Type D (n=85) Non-type D (n=73) F p
M±SD M±SD M±SD
Symptom experience 4.53±2.42 5.13±2.48 3.84±2.18 4.77 .031
Quality of life 58.42±11.75 54.35±9.79 63.17±12.11 10.63 .001
   Specific symptom 52.37±25.80 52.12±27.25 52.67±24.18 0.57 .450
   General symptom 52.37±25.36 49.31±23.40 55.93±27.20 0.56 .454
   Daily physical activity Inter-relationship 59.28±24.25 63.39±23.73 63.63±24.04 57.35±22.65 65.87±22.96 68.26±23.76 12.94 5.74 <.001 .018
   Emotional status 65.69±25.34 59.33±22.34 73.09±26.73 2.75 .099

Tested using t-test and ANCOVA (controlling cardiac function & left ventricular ejection fraction).

Table 3.
Symptom Experience and Quality of Life according to Demographic and Clinical Characteristics (N=158)
Variables Characteristics Categories Symptom experience Quality of life
M±SD t or F p M±SD t or F p
Demographic characteristics Gender Male 4.27±2.43 -2.15 .033 59.03±11.56 1.02 .308
Female 1.58±2.31     56.91±12.21    
Marital status Married 4.58±2.42 0.73 .469 58.12±11.73 -0.88 .381
Not married 4.15±2.46     60.64±11.93    
Religion Yes 4.71±2.38 0.78 .435 57.44±11.99 -0.89 .376
No 4.40±2.46     59.13±11.59    
Education ≤Elementary school 4.99±2.42 1.23 .299 57.73±12.30 0.53 .695
Junior high school 4.21±2.51     60.70±11.18    
High school 4.03±2.51     58.33±12.53    
≥College 4.47±2.30     57.65±11.14    
Clinical characteristics Diagnosis Myocardial infarction 3.95±2.25 -3.60 <.001 59.96±11.04 1.91 .058
Angina 5.30±2.45     56.39±12.42    
Cardiac function I 3.48±2.29a 7.29 <.001 69.14±11.86a 10.47 <.001
II 3.50±2.25a   (a<b) 56.93±11.09b   (a<b)
III 4.81±2.38b     55.36±10.54b    
IV 5.60±2.19b     57.20±10.35b    
Smoking Yes 4.18±0.98 0.94 .350 59.70±9.89 0.90 .370
No 1.71±1.03     57.87±12.48    
Drinking Yes 4.05±2.37 -1.99 .048 58.24±10.71 -0.15 .880
No 4.83±2.42     58.53±12.40    
Hypertension Yes 4.70±2.28 0.85 .398 58.46±11.81 -0.15 .880
No 4.37±2.56     58.53±12.40    
Hyperlipidemia Yes 4.19±2.25 -0.87 .387 57.98±12.63 -0.23 .815
No 4.61±2.47     58.53±11.57    
Diabetes mellitus Yes 4.88±2.32 1.18 .239 57.89±11.89 -0.38 .706
No 4.38±2.46     58.66±11.73    

Scheffé test.

Table 4.
Correlations between Quality of Life and Related Variables (N=158)
Variables Cardiac function LVEF Symptoms experience
r (p) r (p) r (p)
LVEF -.24 (<.001)    
Symptoms experience .34 (<.001) -.06 (.432)  
Quality of life -.30 (<.001) .20 (.012) -.51 (<.001)

LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction.

Table 5.
Influencing Factors on Quality of Life according to Stepwise Multiple Regression (N=158)
Variables Step 1 Step 2
B t (p) B t (p)
(Constant) 69.56 40.50 (<.001) 59.57 18.47 (<.001)
Experienced symptoms -2.46 -7.38 (<.001) -2.14 -6.40 (<.001)
Type D personality     5.85 3.61 (<.001)
  Adjusted R2=.25, F=53.97, p<.001 Adjusted R2=.31, F=35.59, p<.001
TOOLS
Similar articles