The Related Factors to Workplace Bullying in Nursing: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Jiyeon Kang; Minju Lee

doi:10.7475/kjan.2016.28.4.399

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Kang and Lee: The Related Factors to Workplace Bullying in Nursing: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Original Article

Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2016; 28(4): 399-414.

Published online: 31 August 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2016.28.4.399

The Related Factors to Workplace Bullying in Nursing: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Jiyeon Kang, Ph.D., APRN-ACNP, BC¹, Minju Lee, MSN, APN²

¹Professor, Department of Nursing, Dong-A University, Busan, Korea.

²Nurse, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea.

Corresponding author: Lee, Minju. Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, 262 Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Korea. Tel: +82-51-240-2871, Fax: +82-51-240-2920, joyfulmj80@naver.com

Received 5 May 2016 Revised 2 July 2016 Accepted 18 August 2016

(open-access):

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to review and identify factors relevant to workplace bullying in nursing.

Methods

Twenty-three studies that met the criteria were selected from a sample of twenty-six studies. These articles were retrieved from a central literature databases (N=13,241). The total correlational effect size (ESr) for each related factor was calculated from Fisher's Zr. A funnel plot inspection (similar to scatter plot) with a trim-and-fill method was used to assess the publication bias of the meta-analyzed studies.

Results

From the systematic review, fifty-one factors were identified as having an influencing effect. Fourteen factors (five individual and nine organizational factors) were eligible for meta-analysis. The individual factors included, self-esteem (ESr=-.31), psychological capital (ESr=-.26), and marital status (ESr=-.06) which were significantly correlated with workplace bullying. Organizational factors included, organizational tolerance (ESr=.48), supervisor incivility (ESr=.47), job stress (ESr=.46), group morale (ESr=-.36), group support (ESr=-.35), supervisor leadership (ESr=-.35), group identity (ESr=-.33), and structural empowerment (ESr=-.27). These factors were significantly correlated with workplace bullying. There were no publication biases except for both individual and organizational factors.

Conclusion

Organizational factors have more of an greater impact than individual factors on workplace bullying. The results of this study support the need for intervention at the organizational level.

Keywords: Nurses, Workplace, Bullying, Meta-analysis, Organization & administration

Figures and Tables

Figure 1

Flow diagram of study screening.

Figure 2

Forest plot of related factors to workplace bullying.

Figure 3

Funnel plot of selected studies for effect size extraction and imputed to adjust. (Standard Error by Fisher's Z).

Table 1

Characteristics of Selected Studies for Systematic Review

Table 2

Effect Size of Related Factors to Workplace Bullying

k=number of studies; CI=confidence interval; ^†Correlation; ^‡Number of effect sizes.

Notes

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2014R1A1A2055496).

Appendices

Appendix 1

Search Formula

A list of participating centers

Appendix 2

Reviewed Paper List

A list of participating centers

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A3. Budin WC, Brewer CS, Chao YY, Kovner C. Verbal abuse colleagues and work environment of early career registered nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2013;45(3):308-16.

A4. Choi SE, Lee SS, Kim SD. Relationships of workplace bullying to self-esteem and turnover intention among clinical nurses at small and medium-sized hospitals. Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing. 2013;22(4):267-74.

A5. Demir D, Rodwell J. Psychosocial antecedents and consequences of workplace aggression for hospital nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2012;44(4):376-84.

A6. Giorgi G, Mancuso S, Fiz PF, Castiello DA, Mucci N, Cupelli V, et al. Bullying among nurses and its relationship with burnout and organizational climate. International Journal of nursing Practice. 2015. Forthcoming.

A7. Han JH, Yang IS, Yom YH. An empirical study on burnout in clinical nurses: focused on bullying and negative affectivity. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration. 2013; 19(5):578-88.

A8. Han MR, Gu JA, Yoo IY. Influence of workplace bullying and leader-member exchange on turnover intention among nurses. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration. 2014;20(4):383-93.

A9. Houshmand M, O'Reilly J, Robinson S, Wolff A. Escaping bullying: the simultaneous impact of individual and unit-level bullying on turnover intentions. Human Relations. 2012;65 (7):901-18.

A10. Hutchinson M, Wilkes L, Jackson D, Vickers MH. Integrating individual, work group and organizational factors: testing a multidimensional model of bullying in the nursing workplace. Journal of Nursing Management. 2010;18(2):173-81.

A11. Kim SY, Kim JK, Park KO. Path analysis for workplace incivility, empowerment, burnout, and organizational commitment of hospital nurses. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration. 2013;19(5):555-64.

A12. Laschiner HK, Leiter M, Day A, Gilin D. Workplace empowerment, incivility, and burnout: impact on staff nurse recruitment and retention outcomes. Journal of Nursing Management. 2009;17(3):302-11.

A13. Laschinger HK, Grau AL, Finegan J, Wilk P. New graduate nurses' experiences of bullying and burnout in hospital settings. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2010;66(12):2732-42.

A14. Laschinger HK, Grau AL. The influence of personal dispositional factors and organizational resources on workplace violence, burnout, and health outcomes in new graduate nurses: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2012;49(3):282-91.

A15. Laschinger HK, Wong CA, Grau AL. The influence of authentic leadership in newly graduated nurses' experience of workplace bullying, burnout and retention outcomes: a crosssectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2012;49(10):1266-76.

A16. Lee YJ, Lee MH, Bernstein KS. Effect of workplace bullying and job stress on turnover intention in hospital nurses. Journal of Korean Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2013; 22(2):77-87.

A17. Lewis PS, Malecha A. The impact of workplace incivility on the work environment, manager skill, and productivity. Journal of Nursing Administration. 2011;41(1):41-7.

A18. Oyeleye O, Hanson P. Relationship of workplace incivility, stress, and burnt on nurses' turnover intentions and psychological empowerment. Journal of Nursing Administration. 2013;43(10):536-42.

A19. Park MH, ChoSH, Hong HJ. Prevalence and perpetrators of workplace violence by nursing unit and the relationship between violence and the perceived work environment. Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2015;47(1):87-95.

A20. Read E, Laschinger HK. Correlates of new graduate nurses' experiences of workplace mistreatment. Journal of Nursing Administration. 2013;43(4):221-8.

A21. Small CR, Porterfield S, Gordon G. Disruptive behavior within the workplace. Applied Nursing Research. 2015;28(2):67-71.

A22. Smith LM, Andrusyszyn MA, Laschinger HK. Effects of workplace incivility and empowerment in newly-graduated nurses' organizational commitment. Journal of Nursing Management. 2010;18(8):1004-15.

A23. Topa G. Moriano JA. Stress and nurses' horizontal mobbing: moderating effects of group identity and group support. Nursing Outlook. 2013;61(3):e25-e31.

A24. Trepanier SG, Fernet C, Austin S. Workplace psychological harassment in Canadian nurses: a descriptive study. Journal of Health Psychology. 2012;18(3):383-96.

A25. Yun, SY, Kang, JY. Factors affecting workplace bullying in Korean hospital nurses. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing, 2014;26(5):553-62.

A26.Wing T, Laschinger HK. The influence of empowerment and incivility on the mental health of new graduate nurses. Journal of Nursing Management. 2015;23(5):632-43.

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