Development of the Resilience Scale for Korean Nursing College Students

Young Hee Yang; Eun Man Kim; Mi Yu; Seungmi Park; Haeyoung Lee

doi:10.7469/kjan.2015.27.3.337

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Yang, Kim, Yu, Park, and Lee: Development of the Resilience Scale for Korean Nursing College Students

Original Article

Korean J Adult Nurs 2015;27(3):337-346.

Published online: NaN June 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7469/kjan.2015.27.3.337

Development of the Resilience Scale for Korean Nursing College Students

Young Hee Yang¹, Eun Man Kim², Mi Yu³, Seungmi Park⁴, Haeyoung Lee⁴

^¹Department of Nursing, Dankook University, Cheonan

^²Department of Nursing, Sunmoon University, Asan

^³College of Nursing, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju

^⁴Department of Nursing, Hoseo University, Asan, Korea

Corresponding author: Lee, Haeyoung Department of Nursing, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-ro, 79 beon-gil, Asan 336-795, Korea. Tel: +82-41-540-9537, Fax: +82-41-540-9558, E-mail: hylee@hoseo.edu

Received 4 April 20157 June 2015 Accepted 11 June 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study was to develop and test the resilience scale for Korean nursing college students.

Methods

The initial 82 items (7 factors) were developed through literature review and student interviews. Items were reduced to 55 items through content validity test by 5 experts and face validity tests by 20 nursing students. The preliminary Resilience Scale for Korean Nursing Students (RS_KNS) was administered to 302 nursing students of 4 universities in Chungnam. Data were analyzed using item analysis, factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's ⍺.

Results

Twenty-four items were selected for the final scale. Seven factors evolved from the factor analysis, which explained 61.9% of the total variance. The internal consistency, Cronbach's ⍺ was .84 and reliability of the subscales ranged from .60 to .77.

Conclusion

The resilience scale for Korean nursing college students demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability. It can be used to assess the resilience of nursing college students and is expected to get utilized in teaching and research.

Keywords: Psychological resilience, Nursing students, Factor analysis, Validation studies

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Figure 1.

Conceptual framework of resilience for nursing college students.

Table 1.

The Demographic Characteristics of the Participants (N=302)

Variables	Categories	n (%) or M±SD
Age (year)		22.7±0.9
Grade	Junior	151 (50.0)
Grade	Senior	151 (50.0)
Religion	Christian	57 (18.9)
	Buddhism	19 (6.3)
	Catholic	43 (14.2)
	No religion	183 (60.6)
Economic status	s High	6 (2.0)
	Middle	257 (85.4)
	Low	38 (12.6)
Health status	Very poor	0 (0.0)
	Poor	33 (11.0)
	Moderate	164 (54.5)
	Good	92 (30.5)
	Very good	12 (4.0)
Alcohol	No	35 (11.5)
	＜1 /month	127 (42.1)
	2~4/month	127 (42.1)
	2~3/week	13 (4.3)
	≥4/week	0 (0.0)
Smoking	No	292 (97.0)
	Past smoker	9 (3.0)
	Current smoker	r 0 (0.0)

Table 2.

Factor Analysis Results in 7 Dimensions

Items	SC	P	CA	ER	StS	R	SoS
1 I have enough energy to do what I have to do.	.78	.18	-.07	.00	.12	.12	.13
2 I am confident to handle any difficult assignment given to me.	.81	.18	.18	.12	.09	.18	.05
3 I usually take my work in stride.	.73	.04	.22	.15	.07	.18	.00
14 If I write down the things I am grateful for, it will be a very long list.	.16	.70	.12	.10	-.01	.26	-.04
15 I have few things I feel grateful for.	.06	.75	.02	.06	-.05	.11	.25
16 I think that difficult problems will work out eventually as time goes.	.09	.73	-.06	.09	.24	-.11	.09
17 I expect and imagine a better me.	.15	.59	.26	.06	.18	.09	.24
27 I prefer solving problems myself to letting others decide everything for me.	.13	.11	.82	.08	.05	.14	-.05
28 When facing problems, I try to solve the problems rather than hiding them	.11	.08	.72	.26	.11	.09	.20
40 I can control my emotions when difficult things happen.	-.07	.13	.03	.71	.12	.09	-.03
44 I am good at controling unpleasant or painful emotions such as sadness, fear and anger.	.19	.01	.03	.82	.05	.07	-.02
45 I am good at keeping my concentration or logical mind even in a stressful situation.	.12	-.04	.24	.68	.14	.05	.05
46 When I am too upset, I control my emotions first and then start to act.	.04	.14	.07	.64	.07	-.05	.15
51 I take things one day at a time	.10	.11	.17	.18	.81	.03	-.02
52 I effectively use my time as I know when to study and when to refresh.	-.02	.20	.04	.13	.75	.13	.06
55 I usually get assignments done in advance.	.17	-.04	-.03	.08	.80	.01	.07
8 I can lead conversations smoothly depending on partners or circumstances.	.20	-.04	.19	.07	-.09	.63	.10
9 I can keep good relationships with clinical practicum supervisors or nurses.	.16	.01	.06	.04	.09	.77	.05
10 I am good at establishing rapport with patients.	-.02	.19	.05	-.03	.17	.78	-.04
11 I am good at building good relations with people in clinical practices.	.14	.14	-.02	.09	.01	.73	.26
33 When I am in a difficult situation, I consult with and seek advice from friends.	.03	.06	-.03	.07	-.11	.21	.69
34 I have few friends to open up my minds.	-.08	.19	.09	-.01	-.06	.05	.76
35 When there are things I do not know well, I usually study with or share relevant materials with friends.	.10	-.00	.11	.18	.17	.04	.67
37 I have family that cheers me up all the time.	.17	.21	-.03	-.10	.20	-.01	.57
Explained variance	2.10	2.23	1.52	2.30	2.15	2.43	2.12
% of variance	8.77	9.30	6.31	9.60	8.95	10.11	8.85
Cumulative% of variance	8.77	18.07	24.38	33.98	42.98	53.09	61.94

SC=self confidence; P=positivity; CA=coping ability; ER=emotional regulation; StS=structural style; R=relationship; SoS=social support.

Table 3.

Correlation Coefficients of Resilience and Hardiness

Variables	Resilience	SC	Positivity	CA	ER	StS	Relationship	Hardiness
Resilience								.61
SC	.63							.43
Positivity	.68	.39						.57
CA	.55	.34	.27					.40
ER	.58	.25	.23	.34				.26
StS	.59	.27	.26	.21	.30			.30
Relationship	.58	.37	.28	.28	.16	.15		.21
SoS	.58	.20	.36	.18	.15	.16	.24	.38

SC=self confidence; CA=coping ability; ER=emotional regulation; StS=structural style; SoS=social support; p＜.05, p＜.001.

Table 4.

Reliability of the Resilience Scale for Nursing College Students

Variables	Item No.	No. of items	Cronbach's ⍺
Resilience		24	.84
Self confidence	01, 02, 03	3	.77
Positivity	14, 15, 16, 17	4	.72
Coping ability	27, 28	2	.60
Emotional regulation	40, 44, 45, 46	4	.72
Structured style	51, 52, 55	3	.76
Relationship	08, 09, 10, 11	4	.76
Social support	33, 34, 35, 37	4	.65

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