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Abstract
Purpose
Parkinson's disease (PD) has a high incidence of psychiatric comorbidity, specifically depression and anxiety. This study examined the effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating depression and anxiety.
Methods
The study included 42 participants, aged between 52 and 77 years, who were diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) and reported suffering from depression and anxiety. Patients were attending a department of outpatient neurology at D University Schools of Medicine in B Metropolitan city. A structured telephone-administered cognitive behavioral therapy was conducted for eight weeks. A repeated measure ANOVA was used to analyze results at pretest, post-test, and four weeks follow up.
Results
According to service method, there were significant differences between the two groups in depression, anxiety and stigma was significant difference between time (p<.05). Analysis of the interaction between time and service method revealed significant differences in depression and anxiety (p<.05).
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Table 1.
Homogeneity of Demographic Characteristics and Disease Characteristics between the Two Groups (N=42)
| Variables | Categories | Exp. (n=19) | Cont. (n=23) | Fisher exact or t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or M±SD | n (%) or M±SD | ||||
| Gender | Female | 15 (78.9) | 17 (73.9) | 0.145† | 1.000 |
| Male | 4 (21.1) | 6 (26.1) | |||
| Age (year) | 60.9±6.13 | 68.3±7.15 | 9.181 | .080 | |
| ≤49 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| 50~59 | 7 (36.3) | 3 (13.0) | |||
| 60~69 | 9 (47.4) | 8 (34.7) | |||
| ≥70 | 3 (15.8) | 12 (52.1) | |||
| Education level | No | 0 (0.0) | 5 (21.7) | 5.052 | .289 |
| Elementary | 4 (21.1) | 5 (21.7) | |||
| Middle school | 8 (42.1) | 7 (30.4) | |||
| High school | 4 (21.1) | 3 (13.0) | |||
| college ≥ | 3 (15.8) | 3 (13.0) | |||
| Marital state | Married (live spouse) | 15 (78.9) | 18 (78.3) | 0.303 | 1.000 |
| Unmarried | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Divorce | 2 (10.5) | 2 (8.7) | |||
| Separation | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Bereavement | 2 (10.5) | 3 (13.0) | |||
| Average monthly income (10,000 won) | ≤50 | 10 (52.6) | 9 (39.1) | 5.122 | .421 |
| ≤100 | 3 (15.8) | 4 (17.4) | |||
| ≤150 | 0 (0.0) | 4 (17.4) | |||
| ≤200 | 2 (10.5) | 1 (4.3) | |||
| ≤250 | 2 (10.5) | 1 (4.3) | |||
| ≥251 | 2 (10.5) | 4 (17.4) | |||
| Occupation | Yes | 1 (5.3) | 5 (21.7) | 2.307 | .197 |
| No | 18 (94.7) | 18 (78.3) | |||
| Duration of illness (year) | ≤1 | 1 (5.6) | 3 (13.0) | 2.294 | .885 |
| ≤3 | 7 (38.9) | 5 (21.7) | |||
| ≤6 | 5 (27.8) | 7 (30.4) | |||
| ≤9 | 2 (11.1) | 4 (17.4) | |||
| ≤12 | 2 (11.1) | 2 (8.7) | |||
| 12 ＞ | 1 (5.6) | 2 (8.7) | |||
| Age of onset (year) | ≤49 | 4 (16.7) | 1 (4.3) | 5.489 | .514 |
| ≤59 | 8 (44.4) | 6 (26.1) | |||
| ≤69 | 6 (33.3) | 10 (43.5) | |||
| ≥70 | 1 (5.6) | 6 (26.1) | |||
| H & Y stage S & E ADL MMSE | 2.39±0.49 | 2.37±0.53 | 0.159 | .874 | |
| 82.11±8.55 | 79.05±12.21 | 0.908 | .370 | ||
| 28.53±1.26 | 26.78±2.45 | 2.970 | .005 |
Table 2.
Homogeneity Test of Study Variables between the Two Groups (N=42)
| variables | Exp. (n=19) | Cont. (n=23) | t | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M±SD | M±SD | |||
| Depression | 20.79±7.84 | 24.17±9.51 | 1.73 | .222 |
| Anxiety | 53.42±8.30 | 54.96±8.50 | 2.24 | .560 |
| CIAS | 58.58±17.41 | 60.65±19.13 | 2.82 | .718 |
Table 3.
Repeated Measure ANOVA of Depression, Anxiety and CIAS between the Two Groups (N=42)
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