The Factors related to Dyslipidemia and Hypertension among Male Office Workers

Eun Kyung Lee; Ok Soo Kim

doi:10.7475/KJAN.2013.25.4.432

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Lee and Kim: The Factors related to Dyslipidemia and Hypertension among Male Office Workers

Original Research

Korean J Adult Nurs 2013;25(4):432-443.

Published online: 18 August 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7475/KJAN.2013.25.4.432

The Factors related to Dyslipidemia and Hypertension among Male Office Workers

Eun Kyung Lee^1,, Ok Soo Kim²

^¹College of Nursing, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu

^²Division of Nursing, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Lee, Eun Kyung College of Nursing, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6 Daemyung 4-dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, Korea. Tel: +82-53-650-4976, Fax: +82-53-650-4832, E-mail: leeek@cu.ac.kr

Received 29 April 20133 August 2013 Accepted 9 August 2013

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to dyslipdemia and hypertension among male office workers.

Methods

This study was a cross-sectional survey. The sample was 204 male office workers aged 30 to 62 years without cardiovascular disease and not taking medication for hypertension and dyslipidemia. Data were collected from November, 2011 to March, 2012. Dyslipidemia was examined by checking serum lipid profiles.

Results

Dyslipidemia was related to career (adjusted OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03~1.51), time spent at desk (adjusted OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.03~1.51), job stress of Q25-49 (adjusted OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.24~5.93), inactivity (adjusted OR 6.86, 95% CI 2.62~17.93), and snack intake frequency (adjusted OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.03~2.38). Hypertension was related to career (adjusted OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01~1.14), heavy drinking (adjusted OR 5.00, 95% CI 1.25~20.04), and snack intake frequency (adjusted OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.33~3.34).

Conclusion

Work and lifestyle-related factors were associated with dyslipidemia and hypertension in male office workers. These findings suggest that lifestyle intervention and improvement of working conditions are integral parts of cardiovascular disease prevention.

Keywords: Dyslipidemias, Hypertension, Life style

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Table 1.

General Characteristics, Work and Lifestyle-related Factors (N=204)

Characteristics	Categories		n (%) or M±SD
Age (year)			43.7±6.8
	30~39		60 (29.4)
	40~49		103 (50.5)
	≥50		41 (20.1)
Education	High school		25 (12.3)
	Diploma		16 (7.8)
	Bachelor's degree		131 (64.2)
	≥Master's degree		32 (15.7)
Annual income (10,000 won)	＜3,000		12 (5.9)
	3,000~＜4,000		27 (13.2)
	4,000~＜5,000		50 (24.5)
	5,000~＜6,000		45 (22.1)
	≥6,000		70 (34.3)
Past history	Hypertension		13 (6.4)
	Diabetes mellitus		5 (2.5)
	Dyslipidemia		15 (7.4)
Family history	Parents		42 (20.6)
Family history	Grand parents		12 (5.9)
Duration of career			16.25±6.75
Job position	Staff		62 (30.4)
	Middle manager		118 (57.8)
	Senior manager		24 (11.8)
Work hour/week			46.52±7.36
	≤40		86 (42.2)
	＞40		118 (57.8)
Time spent at desk/day			6.32±1.92
Job stress			40.14±7.70
	Q_-24 (≤42.4)		129 (63.2)
	Q_25-49 (42.5~48.		51 (25.0)
	Q_50-74 (48.5~54.		20 (9.8)
	≥Q_75- (≥54.8)		4 (2.0)
Drinking	No		30 (14.7)
	Yes	Moderate drinking	93 (53.5)
	Yes	Heavy drinking	81 (46.6)
Smoking	Nonsmoker		62 (30.4)
	Ex-smoker		76 (37.3)
	Current smoker		66 (32.4)
Exercise	Yes		63 (30.9)
Exercise	No		141 (69.1)
IPAQ (MET)			1,431.89±1,477.56
	Low		76 (37.3)
	Moderate		99 (48.5)
	High		29 (14.2)
Diet	Snack time/day		0.91±0.88
	Midnight snack/week		0.94±1.25
	Calory	Moderate	165 (80.9)
	Calory	Over	39 (19.1)
	Carbohydrate	Moderate	182 (89.2)
	Carbohydrate	Over	22 (10.8)
	Fat	Moderate	149 (73.0)
	Fat	Over	55 (27.0)
	Sodium	Moderate	10 (4.9)
	Sodium	Over	194 (95.1)

IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire; MET=metabolic equivalent task.

^† Multiple response.

Table 2.

Dyslipidemia and Hypertension

Variables	Categories	n (%)
Serum lipid profile (mg/dL)
Total cholesterol	＜230	187 (91.7)
Total cholesterol	≥230	17 (8.3)
Triglyceride	＜200	156 (76.5)
Triglyceride	≥200	48 (23.5)
HDL-cholesterol	＜40	177 (86.8)
HDL-cholesterol	≥40	27 (13.2)
LDL-cholesterol	＜150	182 (89.2)
LDL-cholesterol	≥150	22 (10.8)
Dyslipidemia	No	124 (60.8)
Dyslipidemia	Yes	80 (39.2)
Blood pressure (mmHg)
Systolic blood pressure	＜140	188 (92.2)
Systolic blood pressure	≥140	16 (7.8)
Diastolic blood pressure	＜90	161 (78.9)
Diastolic blood pressure	≥90	43 (21.1)
Hypertension	No	157 (77.0)
Hypertension	Yes	47 (23.0)

HDL=high density lipoprotein; LDL=low density lipoprotein.

Table 3.

Differences in Individual, Work and Lifestyle-related Factors between Two Groups

Variables		Dyslipidemia			Hypertension
		No	Yes	x² or t (p)	No	Yes	x² or t (p)
		n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	x² or t (p)	n (%) or M±SD	n (%) or M±SD	x² or t (p)
Age (year)		43.0±7.1	44.7±6.3	1.70 (.091)	42.7±6.6	46.9±6.8	3.78 (＜.001)
Family history	No	89 (71.8)	63 (78.8)	1.25 (.264)	118 (75.2)	34 (72.3)	0.15 (.706)
Family history	Yes	35 (28.2)	17 (21.2)		39 (24.8)	13 (27.7)
Duration of career		15.86±6.62	16.88±6.98	1.06 (.293)	15.56±6.70	18.62±6.51	2.77 (.006)
Work hour/week		46.44±7.05	46.64±7.86	0.18 (.855)	46.62±7.34	46.17±7.49	0.37 (.712)
Time spent at desk/week		6.16±1.91	6.56±1.91	1.45 (.147)	6.46±1.96	5.85±1.69	1.91 (.057)
Job stress		3.951±7.01	41.12±8.62	1.46 (.145)	40.70±7.83	38.26±7.02	1.91 (.057)
	Q_-24	87 (70.2)	42 (52.5)	6.87 (.032)	95 (60.5)	34 (72.3)	2.19 (.356)
	Q_25-49	24 (19.4)	27 (33.8)		42 (26.8)	9 (19.1)
	≥Q_50-	13 (10.5)	11 (13.8)		20 (12.7)	4 (8.5)
Drinking	No	17 (13.7)	13 (16.2)	0.31 (.855)	27 (17.2)	3 (6.4)	4.20 (.123)
	Moderate	58 (46.8)	35 (43.8)		72 (45.9)	21 (44.7)
	Heavy	49 (39.5)	32 (40.0)		58 (36.9)	23 (48.9)
Smoking	No	36 (29.0)	26 (32.5)	2.27 (.329)	53 (33.8)	9 (19.1)	4.78 (.092)
	Ex-smoker	43 (34.7)	33 (41.2)		53 (33.8)	23 (48.9)
	Current	45 (36.3)	21 (26.2)		51 (32.5)	15 (31.9)
Exercise	Yes	51 (51.1)	12 (15.0)	15.55 (＜.001)	44 (28.0)	19 (40.4)	2.61 (.106)
Exercise	No	73 (48.9)	68 (85.0)		113 (72.0)	28 (59.6)
IPAQ		1,558.51±1,536.22	1,235.63±1,367.99	1.53 (.128)	1,274.37±1,352.67	1,958.07±1,749.79	2.83 (.005)
	Low	39 (31.5)	37 (46.2)	4.85 (.088)	64 (40.8)	12 (25.5)	5.96 (.056)
	Moderate	67 (54.0)	32 (40.0)		75 (47.8)	24 (51.1)
	High	18 (14.5)	11 (13.8)		18 (11.5)	11 (23.4)
Snack time/day		0.81±0.75	1.07±1.03	2.06 (.055)	0.79±0.71	1.31±1.20	3.68 (＜.001)
Midnight snack/week		0.97±1.22	0.89±1.30	0.74 (.640)	0.93±1.29	0.97±1.14	0.18 (.855)
Calory	Moderate	107 (86.3)	58 (72.5)	5.98 (.014)	128 (81.5)	37 (78.7)	0.18 (.668)
Calory	Over	17 (13.7)	22 (27.5)		29 (18.5)	10 (21.3)
Carbohydrate	Moderate	109 (87.9)	73 (91.3)	0.57 (.452)	140 (89.2)	42 (89.4)	0.00 (.971)
Carbohydrate	Over	15 (12.1)	7 (8.8)		17 (10.8)	5 (10.6)
Fat	Moderate	90 (72.6)	59 (73.8)	0.03 (.854)	117 (74.5)	32 (68.1)	0.76 (.383)
Fat	Over	34 (27.4)	21 (26.3)		40 (25.5)	15 (31.9)
†Sodium	Moderate	7 (5.6)	3 (3.8)	0.38 (.743)	10 (6.4)	0 (0.0)	3.15 (.121)
†Sodium	Over	117 (94.4)	77 (96.3)		147 (93.6)	47 (100.0)

IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire.

^† Fisher's exact test.

Table 4.

Factors associated with Dyslipidemia

Variables	Categories	Crude OR			Adjusted OR
Variables	Categories	Crude OR	95% Cl	p	Adj. OR	95% Cl	p
Family history	(Ref. yes)
Family history	No	0.69	0.35~1.33	.266	0.91	0.40~2.07	.855
Duration of career		1.02	0.98~1.07	.291	1.06	1.01~1.12	.028
Work hour/week		1.00	0.97~1.04	.854	1.00	0.95~1.05	.751
Time spent at desk/day		1.12	0.96~1.29	.148	1.25	1.03~1.51	.023
Job stress	(Ref. Q_-24)
	Q_25-49	2.33	1.20~4.52	.012	2.72	1.24~5.93	.013
	Q_50-	1.75	0.73~4.24	.213	1.89	0.62~5.77	.264
Drinking	(Ref. no)
	Moderate	0.59	0.28~1.70	.417	0.89	0.26~3.04	.855
	Heavy	0.85	1.37~2.00	.715	0.78	0.28~2.16	.634
Smoking	(Ref. nonsmoker)
	Ex-smoker	1.06	0.54~2.09	.861	1.74	0.76~4.01	.304
	Current smoker	0.65	0.31~1.33	.236	0.83	0.34~2.01	.658
Exercise	(Ref. yes)
Exercise	No	3.96	1.95~8.06	＜.001	6.86	2.62~17.93	＜.001
IPAQ	(Ref. low)
	Moderate	0.50	0.27~0.93	.029	0.73	0.35~1.55	.434
	High	0.64	0.27~1.55	.324	1.34	0.38~4.76	.528
Snack time/day		1.40	1.01~1.94	.044	1.57	1.03~2.38	.036
Night eating/week		0.95	0.75~1.19	.639	0.80	0.59~1.08	.143
Calory	(Ref. moderate)
Calory	Over	2.39	1.18~4.85	.016	2.32	0.98~5.52	.057
Carbohydrate	(Ref. moderate)
Carbohydrate	Over	0.70	0.27~1.79	.454	0.80	0.24~2.66	.713
Fat	(Ref. moderate)
Fat	Over	0.94	0.50~1.78	.854	0.77	0.35~1.70	.513
Sodium		1.42	0.97~2.10	.075	1.53	0.95~2.47	.083

Ref.=reference; Adj. OR=adjusted odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire.

Table 5.

Factors associated with Hypertension

Variables	Categories	Crude OR			Adjusted OR
Variables	Categories	Crude OR	95% Cl	p	Adj. OR	95% Cl	p
Family history	(Ref. yes)
Family history	No	1.16	0.56~2.41	.697	0.99	0.41~2.38	.977
Duration of career		1.07	1.02~1.13	.007	1.07	1.01~1.14	.021
Work hour/week		0.99	0.95~1.4	.710	1.01	0.96~1.07	.675
Time spent at desk/day		0.84	0.70~1.00	.059	0.88	0.71~1.09	.246
Job stress	(Ref. Q_-24)
	Q_25-49	0.60	0.26~1.36	.220	0.49	0.19~1.30	.153
	Q_50-	0.56	0.18~1.75	.318	1.05	0.27~4.01	.946
Alcohol	(Ref. non)
	Moderate	1.50	0.33~6.88	.602	2.67	0.47~15.18	.269
	Heavy	3.51	1.01~12.24	.049	5.00	1.25~20.04	.023
Smoking	(Ref. nonsmoker)
	Ex-smoker	2.56	1.08~6.04	.032	2.45	0.89~6.65	.082
	Current smoker	1.73	0.70~4.31	.238	1.71	0.60~4.86	.311
Exercise	(Ref. yes)
Exercise	No	0.57	0.29~1.13	.109	0.86	0.35~2.16	.772
IPAQ	(Ref. low)
	Moderate	1.71	0.79~3.68	.173	1.55	0.64~3.76	.333
	High	3.26	1.23~8.61	.017	2.26	0.61~8.44	.225
Snack time/day		1.90	1.31~2.80	.001	2.10	1.33~3.34	.002
Night eating/week		1.02	0.79~1.32	.854	0.79	0.54~1.15	.214
Calory	(Ref. moderate)
Calory	Over	1.19	0.53~2.67	.668	1.03	0.40~2.40	.946
Carbohydrate	(Ref. moderate)
Carbohydrate	Over	0.98	0.34~2.82	.971	0.86	0.23~3.22	.819
Fat	(Ref. moderate)
Fat	Over	1.37	0.67~2.79	.384	1.21	0.51~2.88	.668
Sodium		1.31	0.84~2.04	.240	1.19	0.70~2.03	.525

Ref.=reference; Adj. OR=adjusted odds ratio; CI=confidence interval; IPAQ=international physical activity questionnaire.

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