Abstract
Figures and Tables
Table 1
Data (in millimeters) are mean±SD (minimum-maximum) values. Identical letters indicate statistically significant differences among the canals for the indicated measurement (P<0.05). a)Statistically significant differences among the canals at each measurement position (P<0.05). b)This measurement item was measured at the position of the anterior loop defined as a standard reference in the present study.
Table 2
Table 3
Reference | No. | Method | Dental status | Definition | Mean±SD (mm) | Maximum (mm) | Nation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bavitz et al. [1] | 47 | Cadaver | D | Horizontal distancea) | 0.2±0.3 | 1 | USA |
E | 0.0±0.0 | 0 | |||||
Periapical radiographs | D | 2.5±2.6 | 7.5 | ||||
E | 0.6±0.8 | 2 | |||||
Arzouman et al. [14] | 25 | Skull, panoramic radiographs (panelipse/orthoalix) | D | Length of mental canal | 6.95 | - | USA |
Horizontal distancea) | 3.18 | ||||||
3.45 | |||||||
Mardinger et al. [6] | 20 | Cadaver, periapical radiographs | - | Horizontal distancea) | 1.05±0.47 | 2.19 | Israel |
1.18±0.72 | 2.95 | ||||||
Kuzmanovic et al. [15] | 22 | Cadaver, periapical radiographs | - | Horizontal distanceb) | 1.20±0.90 | 3.31 | New Zealand |
1.50±0.09 | 3 | ||||||
Hwang et al. [7] | 30 | Cadaver | - | Horizontal distancea) | 5.0±1.8 | - | Korea |
Vertical distancec) | 4.5±1.9 | ||||||
Kaya et al. [16] | 73 | Panoramic radiographs, SCT | - | Horizontal distanced) | 3.71±1.35 | - | Turkey |
3.00±1.41 | |||||||
Uchida et al. [10] | 38 | Cadaver | D | Horizontal distancea) | 1.7±1.5 | 6 | Japan |
E | 1.1±1.1 | 4 | |||||
Uchida et al. [17] | 71 | Cadaver | D | Horizontal distancea) | 2.1±1.8 | 9 | Japan |
7 | E | 1.6±1.4 | 5.1 | ||||
CBCT | 2.2±0.8 | ||||||
Apostolakis and Brown [2] | 93 | CBCT | D | Horizontal distancee) | 0.91±1.18 | 5.7 | Greece |
E | 0.25±0.61 | 1.5 | |||||
Li et al. [11] | 68 | SCT | - | Horizontal distancee) | 2.09±1.34 | 5.31 | Chinese |
Chen et al. [18] | 100 | CBCT | - | Horizontal distancea) | 6.22±1.68 | 6.55 | Taiwan |
100 | 7.61±1.81 | 7.97 | USA |
Definition explains the anterior loop length as a standard reference of the anterior loop in accordance with our measurement standard. D, dentulous; E, edentulous; CBCT, cone beam computed tomography; SCT, spiral computed tomography; n, numbers of hemimandibles. a)The standard reference of anterior loop defined the anterior-most margin of the mandibular anterior loop. b)The standard reference of anterior loop defined the point of the ramification between the incisive and mental branches. c)The vertical distance is from the inferior margin of the mental foramen to the anterior loop. d)The standard reference of anterior loop defined that mandibular and mental canals were seen together or attached like a "figure 8". e)The standard reference of anterior loop defined narrowest position of the mandibular canal-incisive canal complex, and devised a cutoff point of 3 mm for maximum diameter of the incisive canal.