Journal List > J Rheum Dis > v.23(2) > 1064307

Sohn: NETosis in Autoimmune Diseases

Abstract

Neutrophils are the major antimicrobial cells of the innate immune system, which are recruited rapidly to the sites of infection and provide the primary defense against pathogens. Recent evidence suggests that neutrophils undergo a distinct cell death mechanism called NETosis, which not only contributes to the host defense, but also leads to severe pathological immune responses in cases of dysregulation. Here, we review the general features of NETosis as well as the generation of autoantigens and damage-associated molecular patterns by NETosis in autoimmune diseases. This review discusses the pathogenic role of NETosis in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, where neutrophils may play a key role in the pathogenesis of these diseases, and suggest the possibility of neutrophil extracellular traps as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

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Figure 1.
NETosis. NETosis is initiated by binding of ligands such as immune complexes and microbes to their receptors on neutrophils, followed by calcium influx and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The intracellular signaling induces histone citrullination, chromatin decondensation, and disintegration of nuclear and granular membranes, which enables granular proteins to translocate to the nucleus. Subsequently, granular and cytoplasmic proteins are mixed with the chromatin. Finally, the neutrophil membrane ruptures and fully functional web-like neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are released.
jrd-23-82f1.tif
Table 1.
Neutrophil extracellular trap-associated proteins [7-10]
Cellular localization Protein name
Granules Azurocidin
  Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI)
  Cathelicidin/LL37
  Cathepsin G
  Defensins 1 and 3
  Gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase 9
  Gelatinase-associated lipocalin
  Lactotransferrin
  Lysozyme C
  Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
  Neutrophil elastase (NE)
  Proteinase 3 (PR3)
Nucleus Histone H2A
  Histone H2B
  a) Histone H2B
  b) H2B-like histone
  Histone H3
  Histone H4
  Myeloid nuclear differentiation antigen
Cytoplasm S100A8 (component of calprotectin)
  S100A9 (component of calprotectin)
  S100A12
Cytoskeleton Actin (β and/or γ)
  α-actinin (1 and/or 4)
  Cytokeratin-10
  Myosin-9
  Plastin-2
Peroxisomes Catalase
Glycolytic enzymes α-enolase
Transketolase
Table 2.
NETosis inducers [3,12,13]
Microbes
   Aspergillus fumigates, Aspergillus nidulans
   Candida albicans, Candida glabrata
   Cryptococcus gattii, Cryptococcus neoformans
   Eimeria bovis
   Enterococcus faecalis
   Escherichia coli
   Helicobacter pylori
   HIV-1
   Influenza A virus
   Klebsiella pneumoniae
   Lactococcus lactis
   Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania donovani
   Listeria monocytogenes
   Mannheimia haemolytica
   Mycobacterium tuberculosis
   Pseudomonas aeruginosa
   Salmonella enteric
   Serratia marcescens
   Shigella flexneri
   Staphylococcus aureus
   Streptococcus (group A), Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus pneumonia
   Toxoplasma gondii
   Yersinia enterocolitica
Microbe products
   Glucose oxidase
   Lipophosphoglycan (LPG)
   Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Host factors
   Anti-neutrophil antibodies
   GM-CSF+C5a
   HMGB1
   IL-8
   Immune complexes
   MIP-2
   Platelet activating factor (PAF)
   TNF
Others
   Calcium ionophore (ionomycin)
   Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2)
   Monosodium urate (MSU) crystals
   Nitric oxide (NO)
   Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)
   C5a: complement 5a, GM-CSF: granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, HIV: human immunodeficiency virus, HMGB1: high mobility group box 1, IL-8: interleukin 8 MIP-2: macrophage inflammatory protein 2, TNF: tumo necrosis factor.
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