Interstitial Lung Disease in Connective Tissue Disease

Jin Woo Song

doi:10.4078/jrd.2014.21.6.282

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Song: Interstitial Lung Disease in Connective Tissue Disease

Review Article

J Rheum Dis 2014;21(6):282-288.

Published online: 31 October 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4078/jrd.2014.21.6.282

Interstitial Lung Disease in Connective Tissue Disease

Jin Woo Song

Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding to: Jin Woo Song, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88, Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea. E-mail: jwsong@amc.seoul.kr

Received 5 December 2014 Revised 16 December 2014 Accepted 17 December 2014

This is a Free Access article, which permits unrestricted non-commerical use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is one of the most serious pulmonary complications of connective tissue diseases (CTDs), resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. ILD is frequently seen in CTDs, particularly systemic sclerosis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, and rheumatoid arthritis; however, determining that ILD is associated with an established CTD requires the exclusion of alternative causes. Non-specific interstitial pneumonia is the most commonly observed histopathological pattern in CTD-as-sociated ILD (CTD-ILD) except for rheumatoid arthritis, characterized by a higher frequency of usual interstitial pneumonia. Although CTD-ILD usually shows a stable or slowly progressive course, a subgroup exhibits a more severe and progressive course and requires pharmacologic intervention. Treatment strategies typically involve empirical use of immunosuppressive therapies, although a large, randomized study has examined the impact of immunosuppressive therapy for systemic sclerosis associated ILD and should also address comorbid conditions considering implementation of adjunctive therapeutic strategies. A subgroup of patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia who meet some, but not all, diagnostic criteria for CTDs were identified and well organized prospective studies are needed in to better determine whether evidence of autoimmunity in those plays a part in the evolution to well-defined CTDs or carries prognostic significance.

Keywords: Connective tissue disease, Interstitial lung disease, Systemic sclerosis, Lung dominant connective tissue disease

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Figure 1.

Classification of interstitial lung disease. CTDs: connective tissue disease, LAM: lymphangioleiomyomatosis, PLCH: pulmonary Langerhans cell histio-cytosis, IIP: idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, IPF: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, ILD: interstitial lung disease.

Figure 2.

A simple staging system for systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. FVC: forced vital capacity, CT: computed tomography.

Table 1.

Connective tissue diseases and common pulmonary manifestations

	ILD	Airways	Pleural	Vascular	DAH
Systemic sclerosis	＋＋＋	−	−	＋＋＋	−
Rheumatoid arthritis	＋＋	＋＋	＋＋	＋	−
Primary Sjögren's syndrome	＋＋	＋＋	＋	＋	−
Mixed CTD	＋＋	＋	＋	＋＋	−
Polymyositis/dermatomyositis	＋＋＋	−	−	＋	−
Systemic lupus erythematosus	＋	＋	＋＋＋	＋	＋＋

The sign show prevalence of each manifestation (−=no prevalence, +=low prevalence, +=medium prevalence, +=high prevalence). ILD: interstitial lung disease, DAH: diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, CTD: connective tissue disease.

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