Journal List > J Korean Soc Endocrinol > v.21(1) > 1063876

Kim, Park, Kim, Kim, and Chung: Effect of High Concentration of Estradiol on Thyroid Specific Genes Expression and Cell Growth

Abstract

Background

Since various thyroid diseases have dominant prevalence in women, it has been suggested that female sex hormone have important role on thyroid cell physiology. Interestingly, many thyroid disorders are newly diagnosed or changed their course around the period of high estrogen status, such as pregnancy. In this study, we questioned whether high concentration of estrogen could modulate thyroid cell function.

Methods

We treated normal rat thyroid FRTL-5 cell line with different time and concentration of estradiol. Using cell count, FACscan, and Northern blot analysis, we compared the changes of cell growth, cell cycle progression and thyroid specific genes expression. To evaluate the influence of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), all experiment was designed as two different sets, with (6H) or without TSH (5H).

Results

The concentration of 10-1000 nM estradiol had definite stimulatory function on thyroid cell growth in 5H condition as concentration dependent manner. FACscan revealed the increased cell growths were related to G1/S progression. The Pax-8, TTF-1 and NIS gene expressions were dramatically increased in 10-1000 nM of estradiol, too. With TSH (6H), however, we could not find any cell growth stimulating effects with 10-1000 nM of estradiol.

Conclusion

The concentration of 10-1000 nM estradiol had definite stimulatory function on thyroid cell growth in 5H condition as concentration dependent manner. FACscan revealed the increased cell growths were related to G1/S progression. The Pax-8, TTF-1 and NIS gene expressions were dramatically increased in 10-1000 nM of estradiol, too. With TSH (6H), however, we could not find any cell growth stimulating effects with 10-1000 nM of estradiol.

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1
Estradiol effects on FRTL-5 cell growth. Quiescent FRTL-5 cells were incubated with 10-1000 nM estradiol in the absence (5H) or presence (6H) of TSH for 1-5 days. Cell number was monitored every 24h for 5 consecutive days, and viable cell number is represented. The data are the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *, P < 0.05 vs. control.
jkse-21-32-g001
Fig. 2
Effect of high concentration of estradiol on cell cycle distribution of FRTL-5 cells. Flow cytometric histograms of FRTL-5 cells maintained in 5H medium for 72h, stimulated with different concentration of estradiol in the absence or presence of TSH are represented. Samples were collected after 24h of treatment for FACS analysis. The intensity of the propidium iodide statining vs. cell number is represented. The percentage of the cell cycle distribution is shown in Table 1.
jkse-21-32-g002
Fig. 3
Effect of high concentration of estradiol on NIS RNA levels in FRTL-5 cells. Different time and concentration of estradiol in the absence (a) or presence (b) of TSH were compared. In contrast of continuous estradiol stimulation for 4 days (No.2-4), 2 days withdrawals after 2 days stimulations (No. 5-7) were also compared. Ability of estradiol to modulate NIS mRNA levels was significant in 5H condition (A). The ratio of the binding of each probe to β actin was calculated, and ratio of No.1 was set as 1 (B). Data are the mean ± SD of three different experiments, each performed in duplicate. *, P < 0.05 vs. control.
jkse-21-32-g003
Fig. 4
Effect of high concentration of estradiol on Pax-8 RNA levels in FRTL-5 cells. Each number represents the different estradiol and TSH condition as indicated in Fig. 3 (A). The ratio of the binding of each probe to β actin was calculated, and ratio of No.1 was set as 1 (B). Data are the mean ± SD of three different experiments, each performed in duplicate. *, P < 0.05 vs. control.
jkse-21-32-g004
Fig. 5
Effect of high concentration of estradiol on TTF-1 RNA levels in FRTL-5 cells. Each number represents the different estradiol and TSH condition as indicated in Fig. 3 (A). The ratio of the binding of each probe to β actin was calculated, and ratio of No.1 was set as 1 (B). Data are the mean ± SD of three different experiments, each performed in duplicate. *, P < 0.05 vs. control.
jkse-21-32-g005
Table 1
Cell Cycle Progression of FRTL-5 Cells Stimulated with Different Dose of Estradiol
jkse-21-32-i001

*P < 0.05 vs. control (5H only)

References

1. Vanderpump M, Tunbridge W. Braverman L, Utiger R, editors. The epidemiology of thyroid diseases. The Thyroid: A fundamental and Clinical Text. 1996. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Raven;474–482.
2. Ishii K, Hayashi A, Tamaoka A, Mizusawa H, Shoji S. A case of Hashimoto's encephalopathy with a relapsing course related to menstrual cycle. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1993. 33:995–997.
3. De Leo V, D'Antona D, Lanzetta D. Thyrotropin secretion before and after ovariectomy in premenopausal women. Gynecol Endocrinol. 1993. 7:279–283.
4. Abalovich M, Gutierrez S, Alcaraz G, Maccallini G, Garcia A, Levalle O. Overt and subclinical hypothyroidism complicating pregnancy. Thyroid. 2002. 12:63–68.
5. Watanabe H, Kawabe H. Relapse of Graves' disease after estrogen therapy for climacteric symptoms. Clin Endocrinol. 1996. 45:505–507.
6. Ogard CG, Ogard C, Almdal TP. Thyroid-associated orbitopathy developed during hormone replacement therapy. Acta Ophthalmol Scan. 2001. 79:426–427.
7. Irizarry S, Paniagua M, Pincus G, Janer JL, Frias Z. Effect of cyclic administration of certain progestin-estrogen combination on the 24-hour raioiodine thyroid uptake. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1966. 26:6–10.
8. D'Angelo SA, Fisher JS. Influence of estrogen on the pituitary-thyroid system of the female rat: mechanism and loci of action. Endocrinology. 1969. 84:117–122.
9. Hiasa Y, Nishioka H, Kitahori Y, Yane K, Nakaoka S, Ohshima M, Konishi N, Nishii K, Kitamura M, Matsunga T. Immunohistochemical analysis of estrogen and progesteron receptor in 313 paraffin section cases of human thyroid tissue. Oncology. 1993. 50:132–136.
10. Van Hoeven K, Menedez-Botet C, Strong E, Huvos A. Estrogen and progesteron receptor content in human thyroid diseases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1993. 99:175–181.
11. Valle LD, Ramina A, Vianello S, Fassina A, Paola B, Colombo L. Potential for estrogen synthesis and action in human normal and neoplastic thyroid tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998. 83:3702–3709.
12. Furlanetto TW, Nguyen LQ, Jameson JL. Estradiol increases proliferation and down regulates the sodium/iodide symporter gene in FRTL-5 cell. Endocrinology. 1999. 140:5705–5711.
13. Manole D, Schilknecht N, Gosnell B, Anams E, Derwahl M. Estrogen promotes growth of human thyroid tumor cells by different molecular mechanism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001. 86:1072–1077.
14. Struve CW, Haupt S, Ohlen S. Influence of frequency of previous pregnancy on the prevalence of thyroid nodules in women without clinical evidence of thyroid disease. Thyroid. 1993. 3:7–9.
15. Kung AWC, Chau MT, Lao TT, Tam SCF, Low LCK. The effect of pregnancy on thyroid nodule formation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002. 87:1010–1014.
16. Smallridge RC. Postpartum thyroid diseases through the ages: a historical view. Thyroid. 1999. 9:671–673.
17. Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase NG. The endocrinology of pregnancy. Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility. 1999. 6th ed. Maryland, Lippincott: Williams & Wilkins;276–335.
18. Mendelsohn M, Karas R. The protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med. 1999. 340:1801–1811.
19. Smyth PPA. Variation in iodine handling during normal pregnancy. Thyroid. 1999. 9:637–642.
20. Glinoer D. What happens to the normal thyroid during pregnancy? Thyroid. 1999. 9:631–635.
21. Glinoer D. The regulation of thyroid functions in pregnancy: pathway of endocrine adaptation from physiology to pathology. Endocr Rev. 1997. 18:404–433.
22. Davies TF. The thyroid immunology of the postpartum period. Thyroid. 1999. 9:675–684.
23. Buchsbaum DJ, Chaudhuri TR, Zinn KR. Radiotarget gene therapy. Nucl Med. 2005. 46:179–186.
24. Damante G, Lauro RD. Thyroid-specific gene expression. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994. 1218:225–266.
25. Plachov DK, Chowdhury C, Walther D, Simon D, Guenet JL, Gruss P. Pax8, a murine paired box gene expressed in the developing excretory system and thyroid gland. Development. 1990. 110:643–651.
26. Ohno M, Zannini M, Levy O, Carrasco N, Lauro RD. The paired-domain transcription factor Pax-8 binds to the upstream enhancer of the rat sodium/iodide symporter gene and participates in both thyroid-specific and cyclin-AMP-Dependent transcription. Mol Cell Biol. 1999. 19:2051–2060.
TOOLS
Similar articles