Figures and Tables
Fig. 1
Endogenous pathway of lipid metabolism. IDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein.
![jkse-21-101-g001](/upload/SynapseData/ArticleImage/1008jkse/jkse-21-101-g001.jpg)
Fig. 2
Generation of small, dense LDL[4]. CE, cholesteryl ester; CETP, cholesterol ester transfer protein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LPL, lipoprotein lipase; TG, triglyceride; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein.
![jkse-21-101-g002](/upload/SynapseData/ArticleImage/1008jkse/jkse-21-101-g002.jpg)
Fig. 4
Direct and indirect reverse cholesterol transport in human. CE, cholesteryl ester; CETP, cholesterol ester transfer protein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HL, hepatic lipase; IDL, intermediate-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TG, triglyceride; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein.
![jkse-21-101-g004](/upload/SynapseData/ArticleImage/1008jkse/jkse-21-101-g004.jpg)
References
1. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, McQueen M, Budaj A, Pais P, Varigos J, Lisheng L. INTERHEART Study Investigators: Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004. 364:937–952.
2. Lind L, Vessby B, Sundstrom J. The apolipoprotein B/AI ratio and the metabolic syndrome independently predict risk for myocardial infarction in middle-aged men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006. 26:406–410.
3. Genest J Jr, McNamara JR, Ordovas JM, Jenner JL, Silberman SR, Anderson KM, Wilson PW, Salem DN, Schaefer EJ. Lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I and B and lipoprotein (a) abnormalities in men with premature coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992. 19:792–802.
4. Packard CJ, Shepherd J. Lipoprotein heterogeneity and apolipoprotein B metabolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997. 17:3542–3556.
5. Sviridov D, Nestel P. Dynamics of reverse cholesterol transport: protection against atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2002. 161:245–254.
6. Malmstrom R, Packard CJ, Caslake M, Bedford D, Stewart P, Yki-Jarvinen H, Shepherd J, Taskinen MR. Effects of insulin and acipimox on VLDL1 and VLDL2 apolipoprotein B production in normal subjects. Diabetes. 1998. 47:779–787.
7. Adiels M, Boren J, Caslake MJ, Stewart P, Soro A, Westerbacka J, Wennberg B, Olofsson SO, Packard C, Taskinen MR. Overproduction of VLDL1 driven by hyperglycemia is a dominant feature of diabetic dyslipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005. 25:1697–1703.
8. Adiels M, Taskinen MR, Packard C, Caslake MJ, Soro-Paavonen A, Westerbacka J, Vehkavaara S, Hakkinen A, Olofsson SO, Yki-Jarvinen H, Boren J. Overproduction of large VLDL particles is driven by increased liver fat content in man. Diabetologia. 2006. 49:755–765.
9. Packard C, Caslake M, Shepherd J. The role of small, dense low density lipoprotein (LDL): a new look. Int J Cardiol. 2000. 74:Suppl 1. S17–S22.
10. Sniderman AD, St Pierre AC, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, Despres JP, Lamarche B. Concordance/discordance between plasma apolipoprotein B levels and the cholesterol indexes of atherosclerotic risk. Am J Cardiol. 2003. 91:1173–1177.
11. St-Pierre AC, Ruel IL, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, Bernard PM, Despres JP, Lamarche B. Comparison of various electrophoretic characteristics of LDL particles and their relationship to the risk of ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 2001. 104:2295–2299.
12. Yokoyama S. Assembly of high-density lipoprotein. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006. 26:20–27.
13. Brewer HB Jr. High-density lipoproteins: a new potential therapeutic target for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004. 24:387–391.
14. Rye KA, Clay MA, Barter PJ. Remodelling of high density lipoproteins by plasma factors. Atherosclerosis. 1999. 145:227–238.
15. Collet X, Tall AR, Serajuddin H, Guendouzi K, Royer L, Oliveira H, Barbaras R, Jiang XC, Francone OL. Remodeling of HDL by CETP in vivo and by CETP and hepatic lipase in vitro results in enhanced uptake of HDL CE by cells expressing scavenger receptor B-I. J Lipid Res. 1999. 40:1185–1193.
16. Hogue JC, Lamarche B, Gaudet D, Lariviere M, Tremblay AJ, Bergeron J, Lemieux I, Despres JP, Gagne C, Couture P. Relationship between cholesteryl ester transfer protein and LDL heterogeneity in familial hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res. 2004. 45:1077–1083.
17. Borggreve SE, De Vries R, Dullaart RP. Alterations in high-density lipoprotein metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus: role of lipolytic enzymes, lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase and lipid transfer proteins. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003. 33:1051–1069.
18. Curtiss LK, Valenta DT, Hime NJ, Rye KA. What is so special about apolipoprotein AI in reverse cholesterol transport? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006. 26:12–19.
19. Klerkx AH, El Harchaoui K, van der Steeg WA, Boekholdt SM, Stroes ES, Kastelein JJ, Kuivenhoven JA. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibition beyond raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Pathways by which modulation of CETP activity may alter atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006. 26:706–715.
20. GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet. 1999. 354:447–455.