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Suh, Lee, and Kim: Proinflammatory Cytokines and Insulin Resistance in Nonobsese Women with High Body Fat and Low Fat Free Mass
Original Article
The Journal of Korean Diabetes Association

The Journal of Korean Diabetes Association 2007; 31(2): 136-143.

Published online: 31 March 2007

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.2.136

Proinflammatory Cytokines and Insulin Resistance in Nonobsese Women with High Body Fat and Low Fat Free Mass

Young-Sung Suh, In-Kyu Lee1, Dae-Hyun Kim

Department of Family Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Korea.

1Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Korea.

Received 10 July 2006       Accepted 27 February 2007

Copyright © 2007 Korean Diabetes Association

Abstract

Background

Adipose tissue produces and releases a variety of proinflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to investigate whether proinflammatory cytokines are increased and insulin resistance is presented in nonobese women with high body fat and low fat free mass.

Methods

Sixty nonobese adult premenopausal women (body mass index, BMI < 25 kg/m2) were included in this study. Body composition was determined by dual energy absoprtiometry (DXA). Fasting glucose, lipid profiles, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C reactive protein (CRP) and basal insulin were measured.

Results

The subjects with high body fat (≥ 30%) had higher CRP levels (P = 0.024), IL-6 levels (P = 0.008), insulin levels (P = 0.003), and homeostasis model assessment-IR (HOMA-IR) (P = 0.020) than those of the subjects with low body fat. In a subset of 32 subjects with high body fat (≥ 30%), the number of subjects with high fat free mass index (FFMI) (≥ 13.5 kg/m2) had higher atherogenic index than that of subjects with low FFMI (FFMI < 13.5 kg/m2) (P < 0.05). IL-6 was correlated with % body fat, fat mass index (FMI), and fat mass (P < 0.05). HOMA-IR was correlated with % body fat and FMI (P < 0.05). To investigate predictors of cytokines and HOMA-IR, multiple regression analysis was used. % body fat was a predictor for IL-6 and, while age and % body fat were predictors of HOMA-IR in study subjects.

Conclusions

This study suggests that insulin resistance may be present in nonobese women with high body fat and low fat free mass.

Keywords: Fat free mass, Nonobese women, Proinflammatory cytokine

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1
Correlations between Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and anthropometric data in study subjects.
jkda-31-136-g001
Fig. 2
Correlations between homeostasis model assessment IR. (HOMA-IR) and anthropometric data in study subjects.
jkda-31-136-g002
Table 1
Comparisons of serum lipid profiles, fasting glucose and insulin, HOMA-IR, CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 according to % body fat
jkda-31-136-i001

Data are presented mean ± SD, P value by T-test.

*P value by General linear model after adjustment for age.

†P value by Mann-Whitney U test.

CRP, c-reactive protein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment IR; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.

Table 2
Comparisons of serum lipid profiles, fasting blood glucose, CRP, TNF-a, and IL-6 according to body fat % and fat free mass index (FFMI)
jkda-31-136-i002

※P < 0.05 and ※※P < 0.01; group 1 vs group 2, #P < 0.05 and ##P < 0.01; group 2 vs group 3, ∮P < 0.05 and ∮∮P < 0.01 group 1 vs group 3, †P < 0.05 and ‡P < 0.01; group 3 vs group 4, §P < 0.05 and §§P < 0.01 group 2 vs group 4 by Mann Whitney U-test, ∫P < 0.05 and ∫∫P < 0.01; group 1 vs group 4, and by General linear model after adjusted for age.

CRP, c-reactive protein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment IR; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.

Table 3
Partial correlations after adjustment for age
jkda-31-136-i003

Values are correlation coefficients.

*P < 0.05.

CRP, c-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment IR; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.

Table 4
Predictors of CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, HOMA-IR by stepwise multiple regression analysis.
jkda-31-136-i004

CRP, c-reactive protein; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment IR; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.

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