PDF
ePub
Citation
Print
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is recognized as one of the most valuable medicinal herbs in Asia and it contains diverse phytochemicals that contribute to its pharmacological effects. Although lipids represent a major component of ginseng, ginseng lipids are still far from being fully explored. This review is focused on ginseng lipid components and methodologies of their analysis. The ginseng lipid compounds were categorized according to the structural features of each lipid class. This basic information on ginseng lipid components and the analysis methods will be applicable to authentification or quality control of ginseng products, and development of lipid-based pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals from ginseng.
References
(1). Cho C. -W.., Kim Y. -C.., Rhee Y. -K.., Lee Y. -C.., Kim K. -T.., Hong H. -D. J.Ethn. Foods. 2014. 1:24–28.
(2). Hou J. P.Am. J. Chin. Med. 1977. 5:123–145.
(3). Shin B. K.., Kwon S. W.., Park J. H. J.Ginseng Res. 2015. 39:287–298.
(4). Qi L. W.., Wang C. Z.., Yuan C. S.Phytochemistry. 2011. 72:689–699.
(5). Leung K. W.., Wong A. S.Chin. Med. 2010. 5:20.
(6). Lü J. M.., Yao Q.., Chen C.Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol. 2009. 7:293–302.
(7). Hwang W. I.., Oh S. K.Korean J. Ginseng Res. 1984. 8:153–166.
(8). Kim B.S.., Lee S.Y.., Yun Y.S.., Yun T.K.BMB Rep. 1986. 19:203–217.
(9). Kim Y.S.., Kim S.I.., Hahn D.R.Yakhak Hoeji. 1988. 32:137–140.
(10). Lee S. H.., Hwang W. I.Korean J. Ginseng Sci. 1986. 10:141–150.
(11). Sohn J.., Lee C.H.., Chung D.J.., Park S.H.., Kim I.., Hwang W.I.Exp. Mol. Med. 1998. 30:47–51.
(12). Kang M. R.., Kim H. M.., Kang J. S.., Lee K.., Lee S. D.., Hyun D. H.., In M. J.., Park S. K.., Kim D. C.Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2011. 66:101–106.
(13). Lee S. D.., Park S. K.., Lee E. S.., Kim H. M.., Lee C. W.., Lee K.., Lee K. H.., Kang M. R.., Lee K. S.., Lee J.., Hwang W. I.., Kim D. C. J.Med. Food. 2010. 13:1–5.
(14). Lee S. D.., Yoo G.., Chae H. J.., In M. J.., Oh N. S.., Hwang Y. K.., Hwang W. I.., Kim D. C. J.Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2009. 86:1065–1071.
(15). Matsunaga H.., Katano M.., Yamamoto H.., Mori M.., Takata K.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1989. 37:1279–1281.
(16). Matsunaga H.., Katano M.., Yamamoto H.., Fujito H.., Mori M.., Takata K.Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1990. 38:3480–3482.
(17). Maeda N.., Kokai Y.., Ohtani S.., Hada T.., Yoshida H.., Mizushina Y.Food Chem. 2009. 112:205–210.
(18). Matsubara K.., Matsumoto H.., Mizushina Y.., Mori M.., Nakajima N.., Fuchigami M.., Yoshida H.., Hada T.Oncol. Rep. 2005. 14:157–160.
(19). Fahy E.., Subramaniam S.., Brown H. A.., Glass C. K.., Merrill A. H. Jr.., Murphy R. C.., Raetz C. R. H.., Russell D. W.., Seyama Y.., Shaw W.., Shimizu T.., Spener F.., van Meer G.., VanNieuwenhze M. S.., White S. H.., Witztum J. L.., Dennis E. A. J.Lipid Res. 2005. 46:839–862.
(20). Fahy E.., Subramaniam S.., Murphy R. C.., Nishijima M.., Raetz C. R.., Shimizu T.., Spener F.., van Meer G.., Wakelam M. J.., Dennis E. A. J.Lipid Res. 2009. 50:S9–S14.
(21). Fouillen L.., Colsch B.., Lessire R.Metabolomics coming of age with its technological diversity Vol. 67; Academic Press: London,. 2013. 331–376:. pp.331–376.
(22). Cho I. H.., Lee H. J.., Kim Y. S. J.Agric. Food Chem. 2012. 60(7616–7622):185–192.
(23). Shin H. S.., Lee M. W.Korean J. Food Sci. Technol. 1980. 12:185–192.
(24). Zhang Y.., Lyu X.., Liu T.., Luo J.., Zhang W.., Mu Q.Am. J. Plant Sci. 2013. 4:92–97.
(25). Dawid C.., Dunemann F.., Schwab W.., Nothnagel T.., Hofmann T. J.Agric. Food Chem. 2015. 63:9211–9222.
(26). Takahashi M.., Yoshikura M.Yakugaku Zasshi. 1964. 84:757–759.
(27). Poplawski J.., Wrobel J. T.., Glinka T.Phytochemistry. 1980. 19:1539–1541.
(28). Shim S. C.., Koh H. Y.., Han B. H.Phytochemistry. 1983. 22:1817–1818.
(29). Hirakura K.., Morita M.., Nakajima K.., Ikeya Y.., Mitsuhashi H.Phytochemistry. 1991. 30:3327–3333.
(30). Hirakura K.., Morita M.., Nakajima K.., Ikeya Y.., Mitsuhashi H.Phytochemistry. 1991. 30:4053–4055.
(31). Hirakura K.., Morita M.., Nakajima K.., Ikeya Y.., Mitsuhashi H.Phytochemistry. 1992. 31:899–903.
(32). Tasaka Y.., Gombos Z.., Nishiyama Y.., Mohanty P.., Ohba T.., Ohki K.., Murata N.EMBO. J. 1996. 15:6416–6425.
(33). Bligh E. G.., Dyer W. J.Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 1959. 37:911–917.
(34). Hansen J.., M⊘ller I.Anal. Biochem. 1975. 68:87–94.
(35). Kim S. H.., Shin Y. S.., Choi H. K.Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2016. 408:2109–2121.
(36). Matyash V.., Liebisch G.., Kurzchalia T. V.., Shevchenko A.., Schwudke D. J.Lipid Res. 2008. 49:1137–1146.
(37). Han X.., Gross R. W.Mass Spectrom. Rev. 2005. 24:367–412.
(38). Yemm E. W.., Cocking E. C.., Ricketts R. E.Analyst. 1955. 80:209–214.
(39). Bregoff H. M.., Roberts E.., Delwiche C. C. J.Biol. Chem. 1953. 205:565–574.
(40). Dittmer J. C.., Lester R. L. J.Lipid Res. 1964. 5:126–127.
(41). Dufourc E. J.Plant Signal. Behav. 2008. 3:133–134.
(42). Bradford P. G.., Awad A. B.Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2007. 51:161–170.
(43). Jones P. J.., MacDougall D. E.., Ntanios F.., Vanstone C. A.Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1997. 75:217–227.
(44). Matsumoto T.., Akihisa T.., Soma S.., Takido M.., Takahashi S.., Yamanouchi S. J.Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1986. 63:544–546.
(45). Lee M. -H.., Jeong J. -H.., Seo J. -W.., Shin C. -G.., Kim Y. -S.., In J. -G.., Yang D. -C.., Yi J. -S.., Choi Y.-E. Plant Cell Physiol. 2004. 45:976–984.
(46). Reineccius G.Flavor Chemistry and Technology (2eds.). CRC press: Boca Raton;2005. p. 123–130.
(47). Yu D.., Xu F.., Zeng J.., Zhan J.IUBMB Life. 2012. 64:285–295.
(48). Chung I. -M.., Lim J. -J.., Ahn M. -S.., Jeong H. -N.., An T. -J.., Kim S. -H. J.Ginseng Res. 2016. 40:68–75.
Fig. 1.
Representative chemical structures of fatty acyls (palmitic acid, α-linolenic acid, (3R, 9R, 10S)-panaxydol, (3R, 9R, 10R)-panaxytriol, 2,4-decadienal) in ginseng.
Fig. 2.
Representative chemical structures of glycerolipids (triacylglycerol (18:2/18:2/18:2), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (18:3/18:3), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (18:2/18:2)) in ginseng.
Fig. 3.
Representative chemical structures of glycerophospholipids (phosphatidylcholine (C16:0/18:1), phosphatidylethanolamine (C18:1/ 18:1), phosphatidylglycerol (C18:0/18:0)) in ginseng.
Fig. 4.
Representative chemical structures of sterol lipids (campesterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol) in ginseng.
Fig. 5.
Representative chemical structures of prenol lipids (myrcene, terpinolene, bicyclogermacrene, humulene, β-amyrin, lupeol) in ginseng.
Fig. 6.
Representative chemical structures of polyketides ((+)-catechin, formononetin, kaempferol, quercetin) in ginseng.
Table 1.
Lipid compounds of P. ginseng registered in LIPID MAPS
| No. | Compounds | Category | Main Class | Sub Class | LM ID | Typical Class | Analytical Tool a | Sample |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hexanoic acid (C6:0) | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Straight chain fatty | LMFA01010006 | Fatty acids | GC-MS(22) | Root (white ginseng) |
| Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0101] | (22) | ||||||
| 2 | Heptanoic acid | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Straight chain fatty | LMFA01010007 | Fatty acids | GC-MS(22) | Root (white ginseng) |
| (C7:0) | Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0101] | (22) | |||||
| 3 | Octanoic acid (C8:0) | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Straight chain fatty | LMFA01010008 | Fatty acids | GC-MS [22] | Root (white ginseng) |
| Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0101] | (22) | ||||||
| 4 | Lauric acid (C12:0) | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Straight chain fatty | LMFA01010012 | Fatty acids | GLC-FID (23) | Root (fresh and dried |
| Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0101] | ginseng) (23) | ||||||
| 5 | Myristic acid (C14:0) | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Straight chain fatty | LMFA01010014 | Fatty acids | GLC-FID (23) | Root (fresh and dried |
| Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0101] | ginseng) (23) | ||||||
| 6 | Pentadecylic acid | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Straight chain fatty | LMFA01010015 | Fatty acids | GLC-FID (23) | Root (fresh and dried |
| (C15:0) | Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0101] | ginseng) (23) | |||||
| 7 | Palmitic acid (C16:0) | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Straight chain fatty | LMFA01010001 | Fatty acids | GLC-FID (23), | Root (fresh and dried |
| Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0101] | GC-MS (24) | ginseng) (23); Root | |||||
| (dried ginseng) (24) | ||||||||
| 8 | Margaric acid | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Straight chain fatty | LMFA01010017 | Fatty acids | GLC-FID (23) | Root (fresh and dried |
| (C17:0) | Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0101] | ginseng) (23) | |||||
| 9 | Stearic acid (C18:0) | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Straight chain fatty | LMFA01010018 | Fatty acids | GLC-FID (23) | Root (fresh and dried |
| Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0101] | ginseng) (23) | ||||||
| 10 | Arachidic acid | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Straight chain fatty | LMFA01010020 | Fatty acids | GLC-FID (23) | Root (fresh and dried |
| (C20:0) | Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0101] | ginseng) (23) | |||||
| 11 | Behenic acid (C22:0) | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Straight chain fatty | LMFA01010022 | Fatty acids | GLC-FID (23) | Root (fresh and dried |
| Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0101] | ginseng) (23) | ||||||
| 12 | Lignoceric acid | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Straight chain fatty | LMFA01010024 | Fatty acids | GLC-FID (23) | Root (fresh and dried |
| (C24:0) | Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0101] | ginseng) (23) | |||||
| 13 | Pentadecenoic acid | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Unsaturated fatty | LMFA01030259 | Fatty acids | GLC-FID (23) | Root (fresh and dried |
| (C15:1) | Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0103] | ginseng) (23) | |||||
| 14 | cis-9-Palmitoleic acid | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Unsaturated fatty | LMFA01030056 | Fatty acids | GLC-FID (23) | Root (fresh and dried |
| (C16:1) | Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0103] | ginseng) (23) | |||||
| 15 | Oleic acid (C18:1) | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Unsaturated fatty | LMFA01030002 | Fatty acids | GLC-FID (23) | Root (fresh and dried |
| Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0103] | ginseng) (23) | ||||||
| 16 | Linoleic acid (C18:2) | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Unsaturated fatty | LMFA01030120 | Fatty acids | GLC-FID (23), | Root (fresh and dried |
| Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0103] | GC-MS (24) | ginseng) (23); Root | |||||
| (dried ginseng) (24) | ||||||||
| 17 | α-Linolenic acid | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Unsaturated fatty | LMFA01030152 | Fatty acids | GLC-FID (23) | Root (fresh and dried |
| (C18:3) | Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0103] | ginseng) (23) | |||||
| 18 | cis-Gondoic acid | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Unsaturated fatty | LMFA01030085 | Fatty acids | GLC-FID (23) | Root (fresh and dried |
| (C20:1) | Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0103] | ginseng) (23) | |||||
| 19 | cis-Erucic acid | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and | Unsaturated fatty | LMFA01030089 | Fatty acids | GLC-FID (23) | Root (fresh and dried |
| (C22:1) | Conjugates [FA01] | acids [FA0103] | ginseng) (23) | |||||
| 20 | Nervonic acid (C24:1) | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and Conjugates [FA01] | Unsaturated fatty acids [FA0103] | LMFA01030092 | Fatty acids | GLC-FID (23) | Root (fresh and dried ginseng) (23) |
| 21 | Panaxydol | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty alcohols [FA05] | – | LMFA05000028 | Polyacetylenes | HPLC-UV, NMR | Root (dried ginseng) |
| 22 | Panaxynol | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty alcohols [FA05] | – | LMFA05000689 | Polyacetylenes | (27) IR, UV, NMR (26) | (27) Root (dried ginseng) |
| 23 | Panaxytriol | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty alcohols [FA05] | – | LMFA05000027 | Polyacetylenes | HPLC-UV, IR, | (26) Root (fresh ginseng) |
| 24 | Ginsenoyne A – K | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty alcohols [FA05] | – | LMFA05000661 | Polyacetylenes | NMR (28) UV, IR, NMR, | (28) Root (white ginseng) |
| HR-EIMS (30,31) | (30,31) | |||||||
| 25 | 10,12-Octadecadiynoic acid | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty Acids and Conjugates [FA01] | Unsaturated fatty acids [FA0103] | LMFA01030542 | Polyacetylenes | GC-MS (24) | Root (dried ginseng) (24) |
| 26 | Hexanal | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty aldehydes [FA06] | LMFA06000109 | Fatty aldehydes | GC-MS (22) | Root (white ginseng) (22) | |
| 27 | Heptanal | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty aldehydes [FA06] | LMFA06000001 | Fatty aldehydes | GC-MS (22) | Root (white ginseng) (22) | |
| 28 | Octanal | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty aldehydes [FA06] | LMFA06000028 | Fatty aldehydes | GC-MS (22) | Root (white ginseng) (22) | |
| 29 | 2,4-Decadienal | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty aldehydes [FA06] | LMFA06000057 | Fatty aldehydes | GC-MS (22) | Root (white ginseng) (22) | |
| 30 | Oleamide | Fatty Acyls [FA] | Fatty amides [FA08] | Primary amides [FA0801] | LMFA08010004 | GC-MS (24) | Root (white ginseng) (24) | |
| 31 | Monoacylglycerol | s Glycerolipids [GL] | Monoradylglycer-ols [GL01] | Monoacylglycerols [GL0101] | LMGL01010000 | Neutral lipids; storage lipids | TLC (23) | Root (fresh and white ginseng) (23) |
| 32 | Diacylglycerols | Glycerolipids [GL] | Diradylglycerols [GL02] | Diacylglycerols [GL0201] | LMGL02010000 | Neutral lipids; storage lipids | TLC (23) | Root (fresh and white ginseng) (23) |
| 33 | Triacylglycerols | Glycerolipids [GL] | Triradylglycerols [GL03] | Triacylglycerols [GL0301] | LMGL03010000 | Neutral lipids; storage lipids | TLC (23); nano-EIS-MS (35) | Root (fresh and white ginseng) (23); Root, rhizome (fresh ginseng) (35) |
| 34 | Monogalactosyldia-cylglycerols (MGDG) | Glycerolipids [GL] | Glycosyldiradylg-lycerols [GL05] | Glycosyldiacylglyc-erols [GL0501] | LMGL0501AA00 | Galactolipids | TLC (23)nano-EIS-MS (35) | Root (fresh and white ginseng) (23); Root, rhizome (fresh ginseng) (35) |
| 35 | Digalactosyldiacyl-glycerols (DGDG) | Glycerolipids [GL] | Glycosyldiradylg-lycerols [GL05] | Glycosyldiacylglyc-erols [GL0501] | LMGL0501AD00 | Galactolipids | TLC (23) | Root (fresh and white ginseng) (23) |
| 36 | Phosphatidic acid (PA) | Glycerophospholipid s [GP] | Glycerophosphates [GP10] | Diacylglycerophosph ates [GP1001] | LMGP10010000 | Phospholipids | nano-ESI-MS (35) | Root, rhizome (fresh ginseng) (35) |
| 37 | Phosphatidylchol (PC) | line Glycerophospholipid [GP] | ds Glycerophosphoc-holines [GP01] | – Diacylglycerophos-phocholines | LMGP01010000 | Phospholipids | TLC (23); nano-ESI-MS (35) | Root (fresh and whit ginseng) (23); Root, |
| [GP0101] | rhizome (fresh | |||||||
| ginseng) (35) | ||||||||
| 38 | Phosphatidyletha mine (PE) | nola Glycerophospholipid [GP] | ds Glycerophosphoe-thanolamines [GP | – 02] Diacylglycerophos-phoethanolamines [GP0201] | LMGP02010000 | Phospholipids | TLC (23); nano-ESI-MS (35) | Root (fresh and whit ginseng) (23); Root, rhizome (fresh |
| ginseng) (35) | ||||||||
| 39 | Phosphatidylglyc (PG) | cerol Glycerophospholipid [GP] | ds Glycerophosphog-lycerols [GP04] | – Diacylglycerophos-phoglycerols [GP0401] | LMGP04010000 | Phospholipids | TLC (23); nano-ESI-MS (35) | Root (fresh and whit ginseng) (23); Root, rhizome (fresh ginseng) (35) |
| 40 | Phosphatidylinos (PI) | itol Glycerophospholipid [GP] | ds Glycerophosphoin tols [GP06] | nosi Diacylglycerophosph oinositols [GP0601] | LMGP06010000 | Phospholipids | nano-ESI-MS (35) | Root, rhizome (fresh ginseng) (35) |
| 41 | Cholesterol | Sterol Lipids [ST] | Sterols [ST01] | Cholesterol and derivatives [ST0101] | LMST01010001 | Sterols | TLC, GC-MS (44) | Seed oil (44) |
| 42 | Campesterol | Sterol Lipids [ST] | Sterols [ST01] | Ergosterols and C24- | LMST01030097 | Phytosterols | TLC, GC-MS (45) | Root (white ginseng |
| methyl derivatives [ST0103] | (45) | |||||||
| 43 | Obtusifoliol | Sterol Lipids [ST] | Sterols [ST01] | Ergosterols and C24- | LMST01030101 | 4α-Methylsterols | TLC, GC-MS (44) | Seed oil (44) |
| methyl derivatives [ST0103] | ||||||||
| 44 | β-Sitosterol | Sterol Lipids [ST] | Sterols [ST01] | Stigmasterols and | LMST01040250 | Phytosterols | TLC, GC-MS (45); | ; Root (white ginseng |
| C24-ethyl derivatives [ST0104] | GC-MS (24) | (24) | ||||||
| 45 | Stigmasterol | Sterol Lipids [ST] | Sterols [ST01] | Stigmasterols and | LMST01040123 | Phytosterols | GC-MS (45) | Root (white ginseng |
| C24-ethyl derivatives [ST0104] | (45) | |||||||
| 46 | Isofucosterol | Sterol Lipids [ST] | Sterols [ST01] | Stigmasterols and | LMST01040145 | Sterols | TLC, GC-MS (44) | Seed oil (44) |
| C24-ethyl derivatives [ST0104] | ||||||||
| 47 | δ7-Avenasterol | Sterol Lipids [ST] | Sterols [ST01] | Stigmasterols and | LMST01040154 | Sterols | TLC, GC-MS (44) | Seed oil (44) |
| C24-ethyl derivatives [ST0104] | ||||||||
| 48 | Cycloartenol | Sterol Lipids [ST] | Sterols [ST01] | Cycloartanols and | LMST01100008 | Triterpene alcoho | ls TLC, GC-MS (44) | Seed oil (44) |
| 49 | 24-Methylene-cycloartanol | Sterol Lipids [ST] | Sterols [ST01] | derivatives [ST0110] Cycloartanols and derivatives [ST0110] | LMST01100001 | Triterpene alcoho | ls TLC, GC-MS (44) | Seed oil (44) |
| 50 | Cycloeucalenol | Sterol Lipids [ST] | Sterols [ST01] | Cycloartanols and derivatives [ST0110] | LMST01100011 | 4α-Methylsterols | TLC, GC-MS (44) | Seed oil (44) |
| 51 | Myrcene | Prenol Lipids [PR] | Isoprenoids [PR01] | C10 isoprenoids (monoterpenes) [PR0102] | LMPR0102010005 | 5 Monoterpenes | GC-MS (22) | Root (white ginseng) (22) |
| 52 | Terpinolene | Prenol Lipids [PR] | Isoprenoids [PR01] | C10 isoprenoids | LMPR0102090062 | 2 Monoterpenes | GC-MS (22) | Root (white ginseng) |
| (monoterpenes) [PR0102] | (22) | |||||||
| 53 | α-Pinene | Prenol Lipids [PR] | Isoprenoids [PR01] | C10 isoprenoids | LMPR0102120012 | 2 Monoterpenes | GC-MS (22) | Root (white ginseng) |
| (monoterpenes) [PR0102] | (22) | |||||||
| 54 | β-Pinene | Prenol Lipids [PR] | Isoprenoids [PR01] | C10 isoprenoids (monoterpenes) [PR0102] | LMPR0102120013 | 3 Monoterpenes | GC-MS (22) | Root (white ginseng) (22) |
| 55 | Bicyclogermacre | ene Prenol Lipids [PR] | Isoprenoids [PR01] | C15 isoprenoids (sesquiterpenes) [PR0103] | LMPR0103100001 | 1 Sesquiterpenes | GC-MS (22) | Root (white ginseng) (22) |
| 56 | Humulene | Prenol Lipids [PR] | Isoprenoids [PR01] | C15 isoprenoids (sesquiterpenes) [PR0103] | LMPR0103110001 | 1 Sesquiterpenes | GC-MS (22) | Root (white ginseng) (22) |
| 57 | Nerolidol | Prenol Lipids [PR] | Isoprenoids [PR01] | C15 isoprenoids (sesquiterpenes) [PR0103] | LMPR0103010005 | 5 Sesquiterpenes | GC-MS (22) | Root (white ginseng) (22) |
| 58 | Zingiberene | Prenol Lipids [PR] | Isoprenoids [PR01] | C15 isoprenoids (sesquiterpenes) [PR0103] | LMPR0103060002 | 2 Sesquiterpenes | GC-MS (22) | Root (white ginseng) (22) |
| 59 | β-Bisabolene | Prenol Lipids [PR] | Isoprenoids [PR01] | C15 isoprenoids (sesquiterpenes) [PR0103] | LMPR0103060013 | 3 Sesquiterpenes | GC-MS (22) | Root (white ginseng) (22) |
| 60 | β-Caryophyllene | e Prenol Lipids [PR] | Isoprenoids [PR01] | C15 isoprenoids (sesquiterpenes) [PR0103] | LMPR0103120001 | 1 Sesquiterpenes | GC-MS (22) | Root (white ginseng) (22) |
| 61 | β-Selinene | Prenol Lipids [PR] | Isoprenoids [PR01] | C15 isoprenoids (sesquiterpenes) [PR0103] | LMPR0103190010 | 0 Sesquiterpenes | GC-MS (22) | Root (white ginseng) (22) |
| 62 | δ-Cadinene | Prenol Lipids [PR] | Isoprenoids [PR01] | C15 isoprenoids (sesquiterpenes) [PR0103] | LMPR0103330001 | 1 Sesquiterpenes | GC-MS (22) | Root (white ginseng) (22) |
| 63 | Squalene | Prenol Lipids [PR] | Isoprenoids [PR01] | C30 isoprenoids (triterpenes) [PR0106] | LMPR0106010002 | 2 Triterpenes | TLC, GC-MS (44 | 4) Seed oil (44) |
| 64 | β-Amyrin | Prenol Lipids [PR] | Isoprenoids [PR01] | C30 isoprenoids (triterpenes) [PR0106] | LMPR0106150015 | 5 Triterpene alcohols | TLC, GC-MS (44 | 4) Seed oil (44) |
| 65 | Lupeol | Prenol Lipids [PR] | Isoprenoids [PR01] | C30 isoprenoids | LMPR0106130001 | 1 Triterpene alcohols | TLC, GC-MS (44) | ) Seed oil (44) |
| (triterpenes) | ||||||||
| [PR0106] | ||||||||
| 66 | Catechin | Polyketides [PK] | Flavonoids [PK12] | Flavans, Flavanols | LMPK12020001 | Phenolic acids | UPLC-UV (48) | Fruit, leaves, roots |
| and | (48) | |||||||
| Leucoanthocyanidi- | ||||||||
| ns [PK1202] | ||||||||
| 67 | Formononetin | Polyketides [PK] | Flavonoids [PK12] | Isoflavonoids | LMPK12050037 | Phenolic acids | UPLC-UV (48) | Fruit, leaves, roots |
| [PK1205] | (48) | |||||||
| 68 | Kaempferol | Polyketides [PK] | Flavonoids [PK12] | Flavones and | LMPK12110003 | Phenolic acids | UPLC-UV (48) | Fruit, leaves, roots |
| Flavonols [PK1211] | (48) | |||||||
| 69 | Quercetin | Polyketides [PK] | Flavonoids [PK12] | Flavones and | LMPK12110004 | Phenolic acids | UPLC-UV [48 | Fruit, leaves, roots |
| Flavonols [PK1211] | (48) | |||||||
| 70 | Rutin | Polyketides [PK] | Flavonoids [PK12] | Flavones and | LMPK12112098 | Phenolic acids | UPLC-UV (48) | Fruit, leaves, roots |
| Flavonols [PK1211] | (48) | |||||||
| 71 | Hesperetin | Polyketides [PK] | Flavonoids [PK12] | Flavanones [PK1214] | LMPK12140003 | Phenolic acids | UPLC-UV (48) | Fruit, leaves, roots |
| (48) | ||||||||
| 72 | Naringenin | Polyketides [PK] | Flavonoids [PK12] | Flavanones [PK1214] | LMPK12140001 | Phenolic acids | UPLC-UV (48) | Fruit, leaves, roots |
| (48) | ||||||||
| 73 | Naringin | Polyketides [PK] | Flavonoids [PK12] | Flavanones [PK1214] | LMPK12140235 | Phenolic acids | UPLC-UV (48) | Fruit, leaves, roots |
| (48) | ||||||||
| 74 | Resveratrol | Polyketides [PK] | Flavonoids [PK12] | Diphenyl ethers, | LMPK13090005 | Phenolic acids | UPLC-UV (48) | Fruit, leaves, roots |
| biphenyls, dibenzyls | (48) | |||||||
| and stilbenes | ||||||||
| [PK1309] |
a GC-FID, gas chromatography-flame ionization detection; HLPC-UV, high-performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet detector; HR-EIMS, high resolution-electron impact mass spectrometry; IR, infrared spectroscopy; GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; GLC-FID, gas liquid chromatography-flame ionization detection; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; TLC, thin layer chromatograph
XML Download