Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the ameliorating effects of steamed soybeans (SS) and fermented SS (FSS) on lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. ICR mice were divided into four groups and given the following different diets: normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), HFD with 1% SS (HFD + SS), and HFD with 1% FSS (HFD + FSS). After 14 weeks, the body weight gain was higher in the HFD group compared with the ND group but lower in the HFD + FSS group compared with the HFD group. Plasma levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly higher in the HFD group compared to the ND group, but lower in the HFD + SS and HFD + FSS groups compared with the HFD group. In addition, leptin concentration in plasma was lower in the groups fed HFD + SS and HFD + FSS compared with the HFD group. The accumulation of hepatic TG and TC was significantly inhibited in the HFD + SS and HFD + FSS groups. Furthermore, SS and FSS attenuated lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide formation in the liver induced by the high-fat diet. These results suggest that soybeans, especially FSS, may be useful in preventing obesity-induced abnormalities in lipid metabolism.
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![]() | Fig. 1.Effects of SS and FSS on AST (A) and ALT (B) levels. Values are mean ± SD (n = 6). a∼dMeans indicated with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) by Duncan's multiple range test. ND: normal diet, HFD: high-fat diet, SS: 1% steamed soybean, FSS: 1% steamed soybean fermented for 60 h. |
![]() | Fig. 2.Effects of SS and FSS on plasma leptin. Values are mean ± SD (n = 6). a∼cMeans indicated with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) by Duncan's multiple range test. ND: normal diet, HFD: high-fat diet, SS: 1% steamed soybean, FSS: 1% steamed soybean fermented for 60 h. |
![]() | Fig. 3.Effects of SS and FSS on hepatic TG (A) and TC (B). Values are mean ± SD (n = 6). a∼bMeans indicated with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05) by Duncan's multiple range test. ND: normal diet, HFD: high-fat diet, SS: 1% steamed soybean, FSS: 1% steamed soybean fermented for 60 h. |
Table 1.
Diet composition (g/100 g)
Group | ND | HFD | HFD + SS | HFD + FSS |
---|---|---|---|---|
NIH#31M rodent diet1) | 85 | 68 | 68 | 68 |
Lard | 0 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
Corn starch | 15 | 12 | 11 | 11 |
SS powder | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
FSS powder | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Total | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Table 2.
Changes in body weight gain and food intake for 14 weeks
Group | ND | HFD | HFD + SS | HFD + FSS |
---|---|---|---|---|
Initial body weight (g) | 33.19 ± 1.71a | 34.40 ± 1.55a | 33.70 ± 1.54a | 33.50 ± 2.25a |
Final body weight (g) | 41.20 ± 2.22b | 54.12 ± 8.09a | 44.27 ± 5.86a | 43.48 ± 2.80b |
Gained body weight (g) | 556.6 ± 1.3b | 518.8 ± 8.2a | 518.6 ± 6.2a | 510.2 ± 3.2b |
Food intake (g/day) | 55.05 ± 1.51a | 54.76 ± 1.20a | 54.64 ± 1.65a | 55.08 ± 1.21a |
FER1) | 51.57 ± 0.30b | 54.76 ± 2.07a | 54.83 ± 1.61a | 52.42 ± 0.76b |
Table 3.
Changes in organ weight of mice fed a high-fat diet for 14 weeks
Group | ND | HFD | HFD + SS | HFD + FSS |
---|---|---|---|---|
Liver weight (g) | 2.82 ± 0.24b | 3.55 ± 1.23a | 2.69 ± 0.58b | 2.40 ± 0.48c |
Kidney weight (g) | 0.74 ± 0.05a | 0.69 ± 0.08a | 0.67 ± 0.10a | 0.73 ± 0.11a |
Left brain (g) | 0.26 ± 0.01a | 0.24 ± 0.01a | 0.23 ± 0.02a | 0.24 ± 0.03a |
Right brain (g) | 0.26 ± 0.02a | 0.25 ± 0.02a | 0.27 ± 0.02a | 0.24 ± 0.02a |
Small intestine weight (g) | 2.08 ± 0.32a | 1.73 ± 0.52a | 1.64 ± 0.40a | 1.67 ± 0.43a |
Large intestine weight (g) | 1.12 ± 0.21a | 0.99 ± 0.25a | 0.90 ± 0.09a | 0.86 ± 0.29a |
Table 4.
Effect of SS and FSS on the plasma lipid profiles and plasma glucose levels
Group | ND | HFD | HFD + SS | HFD + FSS |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plasma TG (mg/dl) | 128.43 ± 1.77c | 169.79 ± 0.79a | 138.50 ± 1.32b | 128.21 ± 1.74c |
Plasma TC (mg/dl) | 117.08 ± 1.73c | 156.10 ± 1.33a | 155.11 ± 1.71a | 138.05 ± 2.41b |
HDL-C (mg/dl) | 574.65 ± 1.59a | 551.26 ± 0.81d | 554.72 ± 0.48c | 557.34 ± 0.35b |
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 516.74 ± 0.87d | 570.89 ± 1.03b | 572.68 ± 1.32a | 555.06 ± 2.29c |
HTR1) | 550.64 ± 0.01a | 550.33 ± 0.00d | 550.35 ± 0.00c | 550.42 ± 0.01b |
AI2) | 550.57 ± 0.02d | 552.05 ± 0.04a | 551.83 ± 0.02b | 551.41 ± 0.04c |
CRF3) | 551.57 ± 0.02d | 553.05 ± 0.04a | 552.83 ± 0.0.2b | 552.41 ± 0.04c |
Plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 233.00 ± 18.75a | 285.00 ± 45.41a | 252.75 ± 47.97a | 172.00 ± 27.82b |
Table 5.
Effect of SS and FSS on lipid peroxidation in the liver, brain, and kidney
Group | MDA (nmole/mg protein) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Liver | Brain | Kidney | |
ND | 537.68 ± 22.97b | 21.71 ± 3.83b | 47.06 ± 16.93a |
HFD | 163.71 ± 35.28a | 28.75 ± 5.87a | 50.84 ± 9.47a |
HFD + SS | 142.34 ± 73.05a | 26.80 ± 2.77ab | 53.75 ± 24.96a |
HFD + FSS | 549.07 ± 16.17b | 28.13 ± 3.05ab | 45.97 ± 9.47a |
Table 6.
Effects of SS and FSS on NO formation in the liver, brain, and kidney
Group | NaNO2 (µmole/mg protein) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Liver | Brain | Kidney | |
ND | 16.90 ± 9.44b | 50.59 ± 21.68a | 52.24 ± 19.34a |
HFD | 34.00 ± 19.66a | 62.53 ± 6.80a | 69.94 ± 9.10a |
HFD + SS | 21.46 ± 9.14ab | 67.07 ± 8.13a | 72.22 ± 9.07a |
HFD + FSS | 17.80 ± 8.15b | 61.37 ± 9.92a | 72.58 ± 6.77a |