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Lee, Lee, Lee, Lee, and Lee: Yield Analysis of Flavonoids in Acanthopanax divaricatus and A. koreanum Grown using Different Cultivation Methods
Original Article

Natural Product Sciences 2016;22(1):25-29.

Published online: 17 December 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20307/nps.2016.22.1.25

Yield Analysis of Flavonoids in Acanthopanax divaricatus and A. koreanum Grown using Different Cultivation Methods

Jeong Min Lee1, Jaemin Lee2, Jung Jong Lee3, Sang Chul Lee4, Sanghyun Lee2, ∗

1Natural Products Research Team, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea

2Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea

3Yeongcheon Agricultural Technology & Extension Center, Yeongcheon 38823, Korea

4School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea

∗Author for correspondence Sanghyun Lee, Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea Tel: +82-31-670-4688; E-mail: slee@cau.ac.kr

Received 5 June 2015       Revised 21 July 2015       Accepted 22 July 2015

Copyright © 2016 The Korean Society of Pharmacognosy

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

High-performance liquid chromatography was performed in order to analyze the changes in the flavonoid content (rutin, hyperin, afzelin, quercetin, and kaempferol) of Acanthopanax divaricatus and A. koreanum, in response to different cultivation methods (pinching height, planting time, and top dressing). The total flavonoid content of A. divaricatus and A. koreanum ranged from 0.201 to 0.690 mg/g with different pinching heights, 0.143 to 1.001 mg/g for different planting times, and 0.156 to 1.074 mg/g depending on the rate of fertilizer application. In both A. divaricatus and A. koreanum, the total flavonoid content in the upper section of the plant was greater than that in the lower section. These results demonstrate which cultivation methods maximize the flavonoid content of A. divaricatus and A. koreanum, and thus help to optimize flavonoid yields to improve production for nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical applications.

Keywords: Acanthopanax spp., Culture, Flavonoid, Harvesting, HPLC

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Fig. 1.
Chemical structures of compounds 1–5.
nps-22-25f1.tif
Fig. 2.
HPLC chromatograms of compounds 1–5 (A), the 50% MeOH extracts of the upper part of A. divaricatus cultivated with planting time at April 15 (B), and A. koreanum cultivated with top dressing at N-P-K (C).
nps-22-25f2.tif
Table 1.
Contents of compounds 1–5 in A. divaricatus and A. koreanum cultivated by pinching (mg/g)
Sample Pinching 1 2 3 4 5 Total
A. divaricatus 30 cm Upper part 0.008 ± 0.001 0.154 ± 0.008 0.127 ± 0.001 0.071 ± 0.001 0.035 ± 0.001 0.395 ± 0.012
Lower part 0.006 ± 0.001 0.092 ± 0.001 0.108 ± 0.001 0.071 ± 0.001 0.038 ± 0.001 0.315 ± 0.005
60 cm Upper part 0.004 ± 0.001 0.130 ± 0.002 0.110 ± 0.001 0.070 ± 0.001 0.035 ± 0.001 0.349 ± 0.006
Lower part 0.005 ± 0.001 0.073 ± 0.001 0.086 ± 0.001 0.055 ± 0.001 0.026 ± 0.001 0.245 ± 0.005
A. koreanum 30 cm Upper part 0.414 ± 0.001 0.090 ± 0.001 0.093 ± 0.001 0.062 ± 0.001 0.031 ± 0.001 0.690 ± 0.005
Lower part 0.045 ± 0.001 0.040 ± 0.001 0.059 ± 0.001 0.038 ± 0.001 0.019 ± 0.001 0.201 ± 0.005
60 cm Upper part 0.182 ± 0.001 0.046 ± 0.001 0.053 ± 0.001 0.034 ± 0.001 0.018 ± 0.001 0.333 ± 0.005
Lower part 0.078 ± 0.001 0.041 ± 0.001 0.060 ± 0.001 0.038 ± 0.001 0.020 ± 0.001 0.237 ± 0.005

Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3) in mg/g of the dried samples.

Table 2.
Contents of compounds 1–5 in A. divaricatus and A. koreanum cultivated with different planting times (mg/g)
Sample Planting time 1 2 3 4 5 Total
  March Upper part − 0.184 ± 0.005 0.107 ± 0.001 0.071± 0.001 0.035 ± 0.001 0.397 ± 0.008
  30 Lower part 0.006 ± 0.001 0.057 ± 0.001 0.065 ± 0.001 0.040± 0.001 0.020 ± 0.001 0.188 ± 0.005
A. divaricatus April Upper part 0.002 ± 0.001 0.098 ± 0.002 0.200 ± 0.001 0.063 ± 0.001 0.031 ± 0.001 0.394 ± 0.006
15 Lower part 0.001 ± 0.001 0.042 ± 0.001 0.053 ± 0.001 0.031 ± 0.001 0.016 ± 0.001 0.143 ± 0.005
  April Upper part 0.005 ± 0.001 0.101 ± 0.003 0.169 ± 0.004 0.055 ± 0.001 0.028 ± 0.001 0.358 ± 0.010
  30 Lower part 0.001 ± 0.001 0.078 ± 0.001 0.094 ± 0.001 0.061 ± 0.001 0.032 ± 0.001 0.266 ± 0.005
  March Upper part 0.353 ± 0.001 0.089 ± 0.001 0.096 ± 0.001 0.062 ± 0.001 0.031 ± 0.001 0.631 ± 0.005
  30 Lower part 0.158 ± 0.001 0.088 ± 0.001 0.105 ± 0.001 0.068 ± 0.001 0.035 ± 0.001 0.454 ± 0.005
A. koreanum April Upper part 0.673 ± 0.001 0.108 ± 0.001 0.115 ± 0.001 0.070 ± 0.001 0.035 ± 0.001 1.001 ± 0.005
15 Lower part 0.097 ± 0.001 0.049 ± 0.001 0.076 ± 0.001 0.046 ± 0.001 0.028 ± 0.001 0.296 ± 0.005
  April Upper part 0.610 ± 0.001 0.134 ± 0.001 0.105 ± 0.001 0.071 ± 0.001 0.035 ± 0.001 0.955 ± 0.005
  30 Lower part 0.139 ± 0.001 0.079 ± 0.001 0.108 ± 0.001 0.068 ± 0.001 0.039 ± 0.001 0.433 ± 0.005

Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3) in mg/g of the dried samples.

Table 3.
Contents of compounds 1–5 in A. divaricatus and A. koreanum cultivated with top dressing (mg/g)
Sample Top dressing 1 2 3 4 5 Total
  N-P-K Upper part 0.001 ± 0.001 0.088 ± 0.002 0.109 ± 0.001 0.054 ± 0.001 0.026 ± 0.001 0.278 ± 0.006
  Lower part 0.003 ± 0.001 0.070 ± 0.001 0.099 ± 0.001 0.054 ± 0.001 0.026 ± 0.001 0.252 ± 0.005
  2N-P-K Upper part 0.003 ± 0.001 0.112 ± 0.002 0.095 ± 0.001 0.056 ± 0.001 0.026 ± 0.001 0.292 ± 0.006
  Lower part 0.015 ± 0.001 0.066 ± 0.001 0.074 ± 0.001 0.047 ± 0.001 0.027 ± 0.001 0.229 ± 0.005
A. divaricatus N-2P-K Upper part − 0.085 ± 0.001 0.148 ± 0.001 0.070 ± 0.001 0.032 ± 0.001 0.335 ± 0.004
Lower part − 0.040 ± 0.001 0.059 ± 0.001 0.039 ± 0.001 0.018 ± 0.001 0.156 ± 0.004
  N-P-2K Upper part 0.003 ± 0.001 0.135 ± 0.006 0.124 ± 0.001 0.055 ± 0.001 0.025 ± 0.001 0.342 ± 0.010
  Lower part − 0.063 ± 0.001 0.078 ± 0.001 0.047 ± 0.001 0.022 ± 0.001 0.209 ± 0.004
  2N-2P-2K Upper part − 0.082 ± 0.001 0.132 ± 0.001 0.061 ± 0.001 0.028 ± 0.001 0.303 ± 0.004
  Lower part − 0.049 ± 0.001 0.071 ± 0.001 0.046 ± 0.001 0.023 ± 0.001 0.189 ± 0.004
  N-P-K Upper part 0.740 ± 0.001 0.116 ± 0.001 0.109 ± 0.001 0.071 ± 0.001 0.038 ± 0.001 1.074 ± 0.005
  Lower part 0.078 ± 0.001 0.053 ± 0.001 0.074 ± 0.001 0.046 ± 0.001 0.042 ± 0.001 0.293 ± 0.005
  2N-P-K Upper part 0.370 ± 0.001 0.113 ± 0.001 0.126 ± 0.001 0.084 ± 0.001 0.046 ± 0.001 0.739 ± 0.005
  Lower part 0.076 ± 0.001 0.057 ± 0.001 0.089 ± 0.001 0.053 ± 0.001 0.030 ± 0.001 0.305 ± 0.005
A. koreanum N-2P-K Upper part 0.569 ± 0.001 0.095 ± 0.001 0.086 ± 0.007 0.054 ± 0.001 0.028 ± 0.001 0.832 ± 0.005
Lower part 0.093 ± 0.001 0.049 ± 0.001 0.072 ± 0.001 0.046 ± 0.001 0.025 ± 0.001 0.285 ± 0.005
  N-P-2K Upper part 0.620 ± 0.00c 0.120 ± 0.001 0.094 ± 0.001 0.062 ± 0.001 0.032 ± 0.001 0.928 ± 0.005
  Lower part 0.067 ± 0.001 0.059 ± 0.001 0.082 ± 0.001 0.053 ± 0.001 0.034 ± 0.001 0.295 ± 0.005
  2N-2P-2K Upper part 0.668 ± 0.002 0.117 ± 0.001 0.120 ± 0.001 0.077 ± 0.001 0.037 ± 0.001 1.019 ± 0.006
  Lower part 0.161 ± 0.001 0.089 ± 0.001 0.134 ± 0.001 0.084 ± 0.001 0.056 ± 0.001 0.524 ± 0.005

Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3) in mg/g of the dried samples.

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