Effects of Music Therapy and Phone Counseling on Postpartum Depression and Maternal Identity in High Risk Women

Hae Won Kim; Sun OK Kim; Hye Gyung Kim; Hyang Ran Jeon

doi:10.16952/pns.2014.11.1.63

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Kim, Kim, Kim, and Jeon: Effects of Music Therapy and Phone Counseling on Postpartum Depression and Maternal Identity in High Risk Women

Original Article

Perspectives in Nursing Science 2014;11(1):63-73.

Published online: 20 April 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.16952/pns.2014.11.1.63

Effects of Music Therapy and Phone Counseling on Postpartum Depression and Maternal Identity in High Risk Women

Hae Won Kim¹, Sun OK Kim², Hye Gyung Kim³, Hyang Ran Jeon³

¹Associate Professor, College of Nursing The Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

²UM, Department of Nursing, Gang Neung Asan Hospital, Gangneung, Korea

³RN, Department of Nursing, Gang Neung Asan Hospital, Gangneung, Korea

Corresponding author: Kim, Hae Won College of Nursing, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea. Tel: +82-2-740-8820, Fax: +82-2-765-4103, E-mail: haewon@snu.ac.kr

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

This study examine theeffectsof music therapy and phone counselingonpostpartumdepression and maternal identity in high risk women.

Methods

A nonequivalent control group time series research design was employed. Eighteenwomencomprised theexperimentalgroupandseventeenwomen, the control group. Experimental group received 4 weeks of music therapy and phone counseling. Postpartum depression and maternal identityweremeasuredprior tointerventionandonthe 1st, 2nd, and 4th weeks after its introduction.

Results

The first hypothesis (i.e.,“the degree of postpartum depression would be lower inthe experimental group thaninthe control group in amonth'stime”) was not supported(z=-0.47, p=.641). Thesecondhypothesis(i.e.,“the degree of maternal identitywould belower in the experimental group than in the controlgroupina month”) was not sup-portedas well(z=1.08, p=.285).

Conclusion

Thereis the needtomonitor long-termeffects of musictherapy and phone counselingonhighriskpostpartumwomen, beyond 4 weeks observed inthisstudy. Additionally, the development of musictherapytailoredtohighriskindividualsandsystematicphonecounselingprotocolsfor postpartum depression is required.

Keywords: High risk pregnancy, Postpartum depression, Gender identity, Music therapy, Counseling

References

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Fig. 1.

Change of postpartum depression over postpartum.

Fig. 2.

Change of maternity identity over postpartum.

Table 1.

Research Design

Postpartum	Experimental group			Control group
Postpartum	Pretest	Procedure	Posttest	Pretest	Posttest
≤ 3 days	O1			O1
1 week		X	O2		O2
2 weeks		X, X1	O2		O2
4 weeks		X, X1	O2		O2

O1=general characteristics, postpartum depression, maternity identity; X=music therapy; X1=phone-counseling; O2=postpartum depression, maternity identity6

Table 2.

Analysis of Homogeneity in General Characteristics (N=35)

Characteristics	Categories	Exp. (n=18)	Cont. (n=17)	x² or Fisher's exact	p
Characteristics	Categories	n (%)	n (%)	x² or Fisher's exact	p
Age (year)	≤ 34	13 (72.2)	11 (64.7)	0.748	.231
Age (year)	≥ 35	5 (27.8)	6 (35.3)
Religion	Yes	6 (33.3)	11 (64.7)	0.056	.066
Religion	No	12 (66.7)	6 (35.3)
Job	Yes	4 (22.2)	9 (53.0)	6.891	.065
Job	No	14 (77.8)	8 (47.0)
Education	Junior school	1 (5.6)	3 (17.6)	4.718	.194
	High school	9 (50.0)	5 (29.4)
	College	6 (33.3)	7 (41.2)
	University	2 (11.1)	2 (11.8)
Monthly income (10,000 won)	≥ 300	4 (22.2)	5 (29.4)		.619∗
	100∼300	12 (66.7)	12 (70.6)
	≤ 100	2 (11.1)	0 (0.0)
Type of family	Nuclear	17 (94.5)	15 (88.2)	3.447	.384
Type of family	Extended	1 (5.5)	2 (11.8)
Experience of depression	Yes	2 (11.1)	5 (29.4)	8.168	.192
Experience of depression	No	16 (88.9)	12 (70.6)
Family history of depression	Yes	6 (33.3)	5 (29.4)	0.236	.810
Family history of depression	No	12 (66.7)	12 (70.6)

Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group.

∗Fisher's exact test.

Table 3.

Analysis of Homogeneity in Pregnant and Postpartum Characteristics (N=35)

Characteristics	Variables	Exp. (n=18)	Cont. (n=17)	x² or Fisher's exact	p
Characteristics	Variables	n (%)	n (%)	x² or Fisher's exact	p
Number of parity	1	11 (61.1)	9 (52.9)	0.001	.755
Number of parity	2	7 (38.9)	8 (47.1)
Number of vaginal birth	1	4 (100.0)	2 (100.0)	2.761	.427
Number of cesarean birth	1	11 (68.8)	11 (64.7)	0.009	.534
	2	3 (18.8)	4 (23.5)
	3	1 (6.2)	1 (5.9)
	4	1 (6.2)	1 (5.9)
Number of abortion	1	3 (60.0)	4 (50.0)	1.446	.238
	2	1 (20.0)	3 (37.5)
	3	1 (20.0)	1 (12.5)
Provision of information about postpartum depression	Yes	4 (22.2)	2 (11.8)	2.761	.427
Provision of information about postpartum depression	No	14 (77.8)	15 (88.2)
Emotional status of pregnant period	Happy	6 (33.4)	10 (58.9)	0.050	.240
	Moderate	7 (38.8)	4 (23.5)
	depressive	5 (27.8)	3 (17.6)
Husband's help and emotional supporting	Very much	10 (55.6)	11 (64.7)	0.202	.908
	Moderate	6 (33.3)	4 (23.5)
	Little	2 (11.1)	2 (11.8)
Marital satisfaction	Very much	15 (83.4)	16 (94.1)		.357∗
	Moderate	2 (11.1)	1 (5.9)
	Little	1 (5.5)	0 (0.0)
Feeding types	Breast	11 (61.2)	14 (82.3)	14.300	.105
Feeding types	Artificial+breast	7 (38.8)	3 (17.7)
Health status of baby	Very good	10 (55.6)	12 (70.6)		.602∗
	Moderate	7 (38.9)	5 (29.4)
	Bad	1 (5.5)	0 (0.0)

Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group.

∗Fisher's exact test.

Table 4.

Analysis of Homogeneity in Postpartum Depression, Maternal Identity between Experimental and Control Group at Pretest (N=35)

Variables	Exp. (n=18)	Cont. (n=17)	z	p
Variables	M±SD	M±SD	z	p
Postpartum depression	11.67±7.97	9.76±6.80	–0.746	.456
Maternal identity	69.28±11.50	70.76±10.87	–0.480	.632

Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group.

Table 5.

Differences in Postpartum Depression, Maternal Identity between Experimental and Control Group (N=35)

Time for measurement	Postpartum depression				Maternal identity
	Exp. (n=18)	Cont. (n=17)	z	p	Exp. (n=18)	Cont. (n=17)	z	p
	M±SD	M±SD	z	p	M±SD	M±SD	z	p
Pretest	11.67±7.97	9.77±6.80	0.75	.454	69.28±11.50	70.77±10.87	–0.39	.697
Postpartum 1 week	11.78±9.77	10.12±6.57	0.58	.562	69.33±11.72	68.82±12.99	0.12	.904
Postpartum 2 week	13.67±10.81	11.70±7.83	0.61	.545	66.50±15.87	64.94±12.37	0.32	.749
Postpartum 4 week	10.16±6.68	11.47±9.56	–0.47	.641	69.94±14.10	64.94±13.07	1.08	.285

Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group.

Table 6.

Repeated Measure ANOVA in Postpartum Depression, Maternal Identity (N=35)

Variables	Source of variation	F	p
Postpartum depression	Experimental group – Control group	0.13	.717
	Time	2.93	.049
	Group×Time	0.83	.487
Maternal identity	Experimental group – Control group	0.17	.680
	Time	1.71	.184
	Group×Time	0.71	.550

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