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Kim and Kim: A Review of Research on Evaluation Indexes and Determinants of Organizational Effectiveness of Hospital Nursing Organizations
Original Article

Perspectives in Nursing Science 2014;11(1):49-62.

Published online: 20 April 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.16952/pns.2014.11.1.49

A Review of Research on Evaluation Indexes and Determinants of Organizational Effectiveness of Hospital Nursing Organizations

Jieun Kim1, Jinhyun Kim2

1Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Busan Institute of Science and Technology, Busan, Korea

2Professor, Collegeof Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Kim, Jieun Department of Nursing, Busan Institute of Science and Technology, 132 Beon-gil, Buk-gu, Busan 616-737, Korea. Tel: +82-51-330-7178, Fax: +82-51-330-7178, E-mail: deaconos@naver.com

Copyright © 2014 The Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Purpose

Thepurposeof this study was to review journal articles, master's theses, and doctoral dissertationson organizational effectiveness in hospital nursing organizations in order to identify evaluation indexes, determinants, and overall trends and to suggest strategies for improvements.

Methods

A total of forty-one papers on organizationaleffectivenessinhospitalnursingorganizations werereviewed.

Results

Thesepaperswerejournal articles, master's theses and doctoral dissertations regarding nurses who worked in general hospitals and uni-versityhospitals, excludingspecialhospitals(ie.armedforceshospitals, mental hospitals). Thereview ofliterature identified 18 operational definitions(evaluationindexes) and 36 significant determinantsof organizational effectiveness in hospital nursing organizations. The operational definitions were measured by using 46 instruments.

Conclusion

The study findings provide data on recent trends in organizational effectiveness; it also serves as basicevidence for the need to improve organizational effectiveness inhospital nursing organizations as well as indicates directions for future research.

Keywords: Review, Hospitals, Nursing organization, Organizational effectiveness

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Table 1.
Evaluation Index of Organizational Effectiveness and Tools (N=38)
Evaluation Indication of OE Developer (year of development) Modifier (year of modify)     Reliability   Article
Items Range (Cronbach's) ⍺ Mean Author∗ n (%)
Organizational Allen & Meyer (1991)   18 1∼7 .71∼.77 3.17±0.88∼ Kim30) 34 (89.4)
commitment   Park (2003) 7 1∼5 .77 4.10±0.83 3.47±0.52 Kang31)  
  Lee (2000)   6 1∼5 .72 2.39±0.72 Lee32)  
  Lee (2001)   6 1∼7 .87 4.72±0.49 Lee33)  
  Meyer & Allen (1990), Park (2010) 5 1∼5 .87 no report Park34)  
  Judge (1993)              
  Meyer, Tsui, & Hinings Ko & Seo(2004) 6 1∼5 .75 3.35±0.56 Cho6)  
  (1993)              
  Mowday et al. (1979) Moon (2007) Lim (2011) Lee (1998) 7 5 15 1∼5 1∼5 1∼5 .95 .84 .89 3.11±0.67 No report 3.44±0.51/ 3.28±0.36† Park7) Lim35) Lee5)  
    Hwang (2000) Park (2004) Choi (2003) Koo (2000) Choi (2003a, 12 9 12 15 10 15 15 15 15 12 1∼5 1∼5 1∼5 1∼5 1∼5 1∼7 1∼7 1∼7 1∼7 1∼5 .77 .90 .88 .90 .91 .86 .77 .90 .91 .88 no report 3.52±0.50 3.25±0.56 3.57±0.82 3.14±0.69 4.40±0.55 3.96±0.35 No report 62.51±14.02‡ 2.98±0.53 Han19) Kang8) Shin36) Yom9) Jung14) Lee37) Woo38) Jeong39),40 Lee20) Choi13),17) 0)
    2003b) Choi (2004) Kim (1986) Koo (2002) Lee (1998) Park (2004) Park (2004) Park (1997) Yoon (2000) 12 15 15 15 15 9 15 15 1∼5 1∼7 1∼5 1∼7 1∼5 1∼5 1∼7 1∼5 .88 .91 .82 .89 .91 .89 .70 .91 .86 no report 3.88±0.87 3.89±0.86 46.80±7.43‡ 3.89±0.86 3.08±0.50 3.27±0.41 3.78±0.86 3.14±0.47 3.01±0.46 Choi41) Yoon42) Yoon18) Shin43) Yoon44) Kim45) Moon16) Park46) Lim15) Lim47)  
  Porter & Steers (1973) Kim (1986) 15 1∼5 .77 2.88±0.43 Jung48)  
  Porter et al (1974)   9 1∼5 .96 3.26±0.60 Lee49)  
  Porter & Smith (1979) Park (1997) 15 1∼5 .67 3.03±0.36∼ Kim50)  
            3.24±0.31    
Job satisfaction Alderfer (1972) – 6 1∼5 .78 3.02±0.78 Lee32) 33 (86.8)
  Cho (2011) – 1 1∼5 – 3.51±0.67 Cho51)  
  Curry & Wakefield (1986), Lee (1999) 9 1∼5 .96 3.20±0.56 Lee49)  
  Kim (1993), Ryu (1993),              
  Choi (1996)              
  Lee (2001) – 10 1∼7 .76 5.11±0.48 Lee33)  
  Locke (1976), Brown, & – 5 1∼5 .72 no report Park34)  
  Peterson (1993)              
  Paula (1978) Choi (2003) Kim (2007) 20 20 18 16 1∼5 1∼5 1∼5 1∼5 .78 .78 .79 .73 3.15±0.35 no report 3.09±1.94 2.18±0.64∼ Choi13),17) Choi41) Shin36) Kim50)  
    Lim (2011) Park (1997) 6 18 1∼5 1∼5 .83∼65 .86 3.65±0.50 no report no report Lim35) Han19)  
  Park et al. (1997a) Yoon (2002) 11 1∼5 .74 3.09±0.51 Yoon42)  
  Scarpello & Campbell (1983 3) - 25 1∼7 .93 3.89±0.81 Park46)  
OE=organizational effectiveness.              
∗First author; †Exp erimental group / control grou up; ‡Mean of total poin nt.        
Table 2.
Evaluation Index of Organizational Effectiveness & Tools (Continued) (N=38)
Evaluation Indication of OE Developer (year of development) Modifier (year of modify ) Items Range Reliability (Cronbach's) ⍺ Mean Arti Author∗ icle n (%)
Job satisfaction Slavitt et al. (1978) Moon (2007) 9 1∼5 .95 3.08±0.49 Park7) 33 (86.8)
(continued)   Park et al. (1997) 29 11 1∼5 1∼5 .78 .82 2.80±0.31 2.57±0.40 Woo38) Yom9)  
            3.15±0.48 Yoon18),44)  
  Stamps et al. (1978)   18 1∼5 .68 2.73±0.34 Jung48)  
    Yoon (2000) 40 1∼5 .83 122.92±13.56‡ Kim52)  
    Park (1997) 11 1∼5 .86 3.13±0.47 Lim15)  
      20 1∼5 .84 3.02±0.56 Lim47)  
          .82 3.25±0.44/ Lee5)  
            3.25±0.29†    
  Taylor & Browers (1972)   7 1∼5 .77 No report Shin21)  
          .83 No report Jeong39),40)  
          .81 20.75±4.41‡ Lee20)  
  Torres (1988) Son (2011) 12 1∼5 .87 3.18±0.62 Cho6)  
  Weiss et al. (1967) Park (2004) 8 1∼5 .77 3.00±0.49 Moon16)  
    Kim (2008) 8 1∼5 .85 3.14±0.53 Kang8)  
      20 1∼5 .92 4.20±2.93 Kim45)  
    Kim (2002) 16 1∼5 .91 3.00±0.40 Kim53)  
Turnover Cho (2011)   1 1∼5 – 3.25±0.75 Cho51) 10 (26.3)
intension Eun (2001)   5 1∼5 .81 .85 2.99±0.68 3.24±0.83 Kim45) Park46)  
  Jaros et al. (1995)   5 1∼5 .87 No report Park34)  
  Whitehill & Takezawa (1968 8) Shin (2003) 3 1∼5 .45 No report Shin21)  
  Kim (2000)   1 1∼5 – 3.3±1.1 Kim53)  
  Lee (1995)   2 1∼5 .68 3.17±0.94 Yoon18)  
  Mathieu & Zajac (1990)   5 1∼7 .86 4.42±1.10 Kim30)  
  Mobley (1982) Moon (2010) 5 1∼5 .80 2.50±0.71/ 2.88±0.63† Lee5)  
  Slavitt et al. (1978)   4 1∼5 .90 3.55±0.84 Moon16)  
Organizational citizen Netemyer (1997)   9 1∼5 .77 3.40±0.43/ no report† Choi13),17)/ Choi41) 5 (13.2)
behavior Podsakoff, Mackenzie, Moormas & Fetter (1990) Park (2009) Park (2004) 14 14 1∼5 1∼5 .81 .87 3.46±0.36 3.61±0.40 Moon16) Kang8)  
Nursing performance Park & Yoon (1986) An (2000) 23 23 1∼5 1∼5 .94 .93 No report 3.57±0.57 3.17±0.47 Han19) Lim47) Yoon18),44) 5 (13.2)
  Schwirian (1978) Choi (1997) 52 1∼5 .96 21.80±2.61‡ Shin43)  
Customer-orientation Narver & Slater (1990) Yoon (2008) Jung (2009) 13 5 1∼5 1∼5 .95 .86 3.74±0.44 3.85±0.51 Park7) Jung14) 2 (5.3)
Patient satisfactio on Wandelt & Ager (1974) Park (1994) Park (1997) 39 39 1∼5 1∼5 .96 .95 160.59±21.95‡ 3.99±0.21 Kim52) Yoon18) 2 (5.3)
Self efficacy Sherer & Maddux (1982) Jung (2009) 5 1∼5 .83 3.57±0.57 Jung14) 1 (2.6)
Career Gardener (1986)   10 1∼5 .87 33.27±5.16‡ Shin43) 1 (2.6)
commitment                
Motivation Mayo (1977) Kim (1999) 20 1∼5 .94 3.38±0.48 Shin36) 1 (2.6)
Autonomy Schutzenhofer (1983)   30 1∼4 .82 151.34±14.86§ Lee37) 1 (2.6)
Empowerment Spreizer (1995)   12 1∼5 .90 3.42±0.47 Lee37) 1 (2.6)
Nursing quality Park (1994) Kim (2005) 96 1∼5 .68∼.87 164.80±13.91‡ Kim52) 1 (2.6)
Organizational Ashforth & Mael (1989) Kim (1995) 6 1∼5 .88 3.71±0.68 Lim47) 1 (2.6)
identification                
Innovative operations Hurly & Hult (1998) Kang (2005) 5 1∼5 .75 3.28±0.45 Kang31) 1 (2.6)
Group Grohar-Murray & DiCorce   10 1∼3 .86 2.30±0.40 Yom9) 1 (2.6)
productivity (1996)              

OE=organizational effectivenes. ∗First author;

† Experimental group / control group;

‡ Mean of total point;

§ 'Autonomy' was given weighted.

Table 3.
Determinants of Organizational Effectiveness (N=38)
Determinants Evaluation index of organizational effectiveness
First author Total n (%)
Autonomy Choi13), Choi17), Choi41) 3 (7.9)
Communication Choi13), Choi17), Choi41), Jung48) 4 (10.5)
Conflicts Kim52) 1 (2.6)
Coping strategies Kim53) 1 (2.6)
Culture strength (difference of value) Lee33) 1 (2.6)
Decision-making Choi13), Choi41) 2 (5.3)
Degree of perceived stress Lee32) 1 (2.6)
Empowerment Jung14), Lim15) 2 (5.3)
Followership Han19), Lee5) 2 (5.3)
Formalization Choi13), Choi41) 2 (5.3)
Group coherence Yoon44) 1 (2.6)
Group dynamics Yoon18) 1 (2.6)
Internal marketing activity Lim47), Park7) 2 (5.3)
Job burnout Cho51) 1 (2.6)
Job characteristics Lim15), Moon16), Yoon18), Yoon44) 4 (10.5)
Job stress Cho51), Lee32), Yom9), Yoon42), Yoon44) 5 (13.2)
Justice Park46), Woo38) 2 (5.3)
Leadership Choi13), Choi17), Choi41), Han19), Kang8), Kim30), Kim45), Kim50), Kim52), Lee33), Lee49), Lim35), Park34) 13 (34.2)
Learning organization construction Jeong39),40), Kang31) 3 (7.9)
Learning orientation Kang31) 1 (2.6)
Management Strategy Choi13), Choi41) 2 (5.3)
Member's maturity Kim30) 1 (2.6)
Motivation Choi13), Choi17), Choi41), Lim47) 4 (10.5)
Nurses characteristics Jeong39), Kim52), Moon16), Yoon18) 4 (10.5)
Nurses manpower Kim52) 1 (2.6)
Nursing performance Lee37) 1 (2.6)
Organization citizenship behavior Park46) 1 (2.6)
Organizational characteristics Lee20), Yoon18), Yoon44) 3 (7.9)
Organizational culture Han19), Kim52), Lee20), Lee33), Shin21), Yom9) 6 (15.8)
Perception of management by objectives Shin36) 1 (2.6)
Personality / Locus of control Yoon18), Yoon42) 2 (5.3)
Power base Jung48) 1 (2.6)
Professionalism Shin43) 1 (2.6)
Self-efficacy Lim35) 1 (2.6)
Shared value Choi13), Choi17), Choi41) 3 (7.9)
Teamwork Cho6) 1 (2.6)
Table 4.
Results of Analysis (Direction of Coefficient) (N=38)
Determinants         Evaluation Index of OE (direction)    
Domain Autonomy Sub-domain OC + JS + TI NP OCB PS + NQ CuO GP IO OI Auto CaO Em Mo SE
Communication (ct) UHI Downward + + - + + -   +          
Conflicts     –   – –        
Coping strategies     + –            
Culture strength (dv)   – –              
Decision-making   + +   +          
DPS   – –              
Empowerment MCI Self-determination + +/- + -     + +       + +
Followership   + + – +          
Formalization   + +   +          
Group coherence   + +   +          
Group dynamics   + + – +          
IMA   + +   +     +    
Job burnout     – +            
Job characteristics Skill variety Task significance Task identity Autonomy Feedback Job enrichment + +/-+ + + + + +/-+/- + + + – + + - + + + + + + +          
Job stress   – – + – –        
Justice   + + –            
Leadership Transformational Transactional Self Servant + +/-+ + + +/-+ + – – + + + –+/-+ + +        
LOC   + +       +      
Learning orientation   +         +      
Management strategy   + +   +          
Member's maturity   +   –            
Motivation   + +   + +     +    
Nurses characteristics SD Position Career ODS Education Marital state Age + + +/–+ + + +/–+ – —- + + + -+ + + + + + -        
Nurses manpower     –   – –        
Nursing performance   +           + +    
OCB   + + –            
OC   + +   +          
Organizational culture Relation, Innovativ Task Conservative ve + +/– + + +/- – -+ + + + +        
PMO   + +           +  
P/LC   + +              
Power base Coercive Legitimate RER – -+ – + +              
Professionalism   +     +     +    
Self-efficacy   + +              
Shared value   + +   +          
Teamwork   + +              
Total (n)   29/10 27/13 4/10 11/2 10/1 4/4 3/3 1/0 2/1 2/0 2/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 1/0 2/0

OE=organizational effectiveness; OC=organizational commitment; JS=job satisfaction; TI=turnover intension; NP=nursing performance; OCB=organizational citizenship behavior; Auto.=autonomy; CaO=career commitment; CuO=customer-orientation; Em.=empowerment; GP=group productivity; IO=innovative operations; Mo.=motivation; NQ=nursing quality; OI=organizational identification; PS=patient satisfaction; SE=self-efficacy; PR=profit rate on total capital; IR=increasing rate of medical revenue; ct=communication type; dv=difference of value; DPS=degree of perceived stress; IMA=internal marketing activity; LOC=learning organization construction; OCB=organization citizenship behavior; OC=organizational characteristics; PMO=perception of management by objectives; P/LC=personality/locus of control; UHI=upward, horizontal, informal; MCI=meaning, competence, impact; SD=satisfaction in department; ODS=opinion on department shift; RER=referent, expert, reward.

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